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10. Read text b again to answer the following questions:

1. What does the word «tort» denote?

2. Can you give any examples of civil wrongs, which can be classified as torts?

3. What must the plaintiff prove in order to succeed in an action in tort?

4. Certain torts are said to be actionable per se. What do you know about them?

5. What do we call the guilty party in a tort?

6. How are torts and crimes distinguished?

7. How is a breach of contract distinguished from torts?

11. Translate the following words and word combinations from English into Russian:

civil action; beyond reasonable doubt; to be liable to; to cause a harm; proper remedy; award of damages; proceeding; balance of probabilities; to be initiated by the State; to sue the guilty party; to infringe a legal right; to denote; to distinguish; violation of a legal right; to succeed; to cause damage.

12. Find the English equivalents to the following words and phrases:

уголовное преследование; компенсация за убытки; халатность; вредное воздействие; нарушение контракта; преступление; включать; клевета в печати; средство защиты права; делинквент; гражданское правонарушение; несущий ответственность; подсудимый; возложить обязанности; давать право; вмешательство; умышленный; нападение; закон.

13. Match left and right to make a word combination:

  1. the causing

  1. smb’s guilt

  1. to infringe

  1. compensation

  1. to cause

  1. a tortfeasor

  1. to prove

  1. of damage

  1. to punish

  1. per se

  1. to be actionable

  1. a legal right of the plaintiff

  1. to pay

  1. imposed by the law

  1. the defendant's responsibility

  1. the plaintiff damage

  1. an award

  1. of probabilities

  1. a duty

  1. of damages

  1. a balance

  1. for a tortious act

14. Form the corresponding verbs from the following nouns, translate them into Russian:

(e.g. compensation – to compensate)

injury, remedy, assault, imprisonment, infliction, invasion, trespass, violation, offender, defendant, damage, prosecution, cause, proceeding, award, harm, liability.

15. Fill in the gaps, using the necessary words from Text a and b.

1. To succeed in an action in tort, the plaintiff must prove that the defendant ...

2. The word «tort» means ... and is used to denote ...

3. The aim of the law of tort is to ...

4. An action arising out of tort may be ...

5. It is important to distinguish torts from ...

16. Decide which sentences are true and which are false. Make the false sentences true.

1. If the defendant has caused the plaintiff some damage but has not infringed a legal right of the plaintiff, he will not be liable in tort.

2. It is causing of damage that is essential to every action in tort.

3. The aim of the law of tort is to punish the tortfeasor.

4. Tort cases are heard only by civil courts.

5. In a civil action, as well as in a criminal one, there is a presumption that the defendant is innocent.

6. An action arising out of tort may be settled out of court.

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