6. Fill in the gaps using the necessary words from exercise 5.

1. The … that the government has inflicted on the protesters are severe

and unjust.

2. I … that we revise the bylaws.

3. The committee … my proposal.

4. She … against the proposed law.

5. She is a very … worker.

6. She has a very … style of writing.

7. There is a high … of criminal behavior in this city.

8. The company … judicial proceedings against them.

7. Choose the correct word to make the sentence complete.

1. Various correctional approaches/ ideas/ courses developed in the wake of causation theories.

2. The modern approach to the treatment of criminals/ citizens/ students owes most to psychiatric and case-study methods.

3. The treatment/education/upbringing and rehabilitation of criminals has improved in many areas.

4. The Italian school has had a lasting influence on the thinking of present-day criminologists/ psychologists/ teachers.

5. Many communities/ states/ universities/ have initiated concerted attacks on the conditions that breed crime.

6. The old theological and moralistic theories encouraged punishment/ teaching/ training as retribution by society for evil.

7. It is hoped that the extension and improvement of all valid approaches to prevention of crime eventually will reduce/increase/contribute its incidence.

8. Decide which sentences are true and which are false. Make the false sentences true.

1. British jurist and philosopher Jeremy Bentham tried to make the punishment more precisely fit the crime.

2. The so-called Italian school stressed measures for preventing crime rather than punishing it.

3. Bentham didn’t argue that criminals would be deterred from crime if they knew, specifically, the suffering they would experience if caught.

4. Neoclassical school, rejecting fixed punishments, proposed that sentences vary with the particular circumstances of a crime, such as the age, intellectual level, and emotional state of the offender; the motives and other conditions that may have incited to crime.

5. Criminologists recognize that only juvenile crimes stem chiefly from the breakdown of traditional social norms and controls.

6. The contemporary scientific attitude is that criminals are individual personalities and that their rehabilitation can be brought about only through individual treatment.

7. Most criminologists believe that effective crime prevention requires community agencies and programs to provide the guidance and control performed, ideally and traditionally, by the family and by the force of social custom.

9. Read the text again to fill in the gaps

1. Bentham argued that criminals … if they knew, specifically, the suffering they would experience if caught.

2. Bentham therefore urged definite, inflexible penalties for each class … .

3. The Bentham approach was in part superseded … neoclassical school.

4. This school, rejecting fixed punishments, proposed … level, and emotional state of the offender; the motives and other …; and the offender's past record and …. .

5. During recent years, crime … many directions.

6. Members of the so-called Italian school stressed … rather than punishing it.

7. The modern approach to the treatment of criminals owes … and case-study methods.

8. Much continues to be learned from offenders who have been placed on … and whose behavior, both in and out of prison, has been … .

9. Many communities … attacks on the conditions that breed crime.

10. Although the crime rate has not drastically diminished as a result of these efforts, it is hoped that the … of all valid approaches to prevention of crime eventually … .