2. Read the text again to answer the following questions:

1. Who argued that criminals would be deterred from crime if they knew, specifically, the suffering they would experience if caught?

2. What school superseded the Bentham approach?

3. What school rejected fixed punishments?

4. What does the modern approach to the treatment of criminals include?

5. What can be learnt learned from offenders who have been placed on probation or parole?

6. What did the influence of the neoclassical school lead to?

7. What is the Italian school famous for?

8. What does the contemporary scientific attitude comprise?

9. Many communities have initiated concerted attacks on the conditions that breed crime, haven’t they?

10. What does the effective crime prevention require from according to the most criminologists?

3. Translate the following words and word combinations from English into Russian:

intellectual level, punishment, various, emotional state, against pain, to vary, conduct, cruelty, treatment of criminals, approach, to remain, eventually, to supersede, fixed punishment, to propose, drastically diminished, circumstances of a crime, to require, conditions, influence, to urge birth control, to owe, contemporary scientific attitude, increased, public concern, to contribute, effective crime prevention, to provide, crime rate, as a result of these efforts, improvement, valid approach, prevention of crime, to reduce.

4. Find the English equivalents to the following words and phrases:

бессмысленная жестокость, преступление, психически неполноценный, совершенное несовершеннолетним, досрочное освобождение, общественные организации, ограниченная ответственность, освобождение на поруки, быть причиной преступления, привлекать внимание общественности, совет по условно-досрочному освобождению, упадок традиционных общественных норм, уменьшаться, отклонять.

5. Match the words from the left column with their definitions from the right column.

1. punishment	a. to refuse to believe, accept, or consider (something)
2. to reject	b. to suggest (something, such as a plan or theory) to a person or group of people to consider
3. to propose	c. able to be trusted to do what is right or to do the things that are expected or required
4. to argue	d. having a special and unusual quality that is easily seen
5. responsible	e. to cause the beginning of (something;: to start or begin (something)
6. to initiate	f. the number of times something happens or develops; the rate at which something occurs
7. incidence	g. to give reasons for or against something; to say or write things in order to change someone's opinion about what is true, what should be done, etc.
8. individual	h. the act of punishing someone or a way of punishing someone