2. Read the text again to answer the following questions:

1. What were the prisons used for until the late 18^th century?

2. Why has the prison come to be used as a place of punishment?

3. When has the prison become the principal sanction for most serious crimes?

4. What problems have come into being as prison population in most coun­tries continues to grow?

5. What can you say about the population of most prison systems?

6. What offenses are considered to be the most common for which prisoners are in custody?

7. What is the difference between burglary and robbery?

8. What is violence?

3. Translate the following words and word combinations from English into Russian:

imprisonment, confinement, debtors, accused person, convicted, transportation, decline, capital punishment (death penalty), punishment, abolition, concern, conditions, to diminish, security, violence, to compound, difficulties, to arise from, predominantly, overcrowding, relatively, guilty, previous convictions, to commit, burglary, theft, violence, robbery, behaviour, to intend, to hurt other people physi­cally, to steal.

4. Find the English equivalents to the following words and phrases:

приговор, тюремный надзиратель, лишение свободы, обвиняемый, камера одиночного заключения, содержать под стражей, должник, ночная кража со взломом, грабеж с насилием или разбой, санкция, насе­ление, правонарушитель, безопасность, защита, на­силие, виновный, общая камера, тюремное заключение, осужденный, судимость.

5. Match the words from the left column with their definitions from the right column.

1. to arise	a. banishment to a penal colony
2. abolition	b. to put in or as if in prison
3.transportation	c. a feeling of worry usually shared by many people
4. to imprison	d. the use of physical force to harm someone, to damage property, etc.
5. condition	e. a group of people or animals of a particular kind that live in a place
6. violence	f. to begin ,to occur or to exist
7. population	g. the state in which something exists : the physical state of something
8. concern	h. the act of officially ending or stopping something

6. Fill in the gaps using the necessary words from exercise 5.

1. A conflict … because of a misunderstanding.

2. Capital punishment in our country was … .

3. He has been in … from his home country for well over four years.

4. He was … for murder.

5. His … with the well-being of his family is obvious.

6. They need to learn how to settle their arguments without resorting to … .

7. The world's … has increased greatly.

8. Their weakened … makes them more likely to get sick.

7. Choose the correct word to make the sentence complete.

1. The idea of imprisonment/ jail/ punishment as a form of punishment is relatively modern.

2. The prison has come to be used also as a place of penalty/ punishment/ abolition.

3. Concern over prison conditions has not discussed/ increased/ diminished over the years.

4. The populations of most prison systems are predominantly female/ male/ male and female.

5. Violence is behaviour that is intended to hurt other people physi­cally/ mentally/ financially.

6. Robbery is the crime of stealing/ buying/ giving things from a bank, shop etc, es­pecially using violence.