3. Classical foreign sociology.

Despite the variety of theories, concepts and approaches in different schools in the XIX century, they were all united in one thing - the object and the subject of sociology, society is, the whole social life.

The beginning of XX century has made substantial amendments to these ideas. Increasingly heard criticism that sociology pretend to a role of meta, which seeks to incorporate the data of all the other social sciences, and on this basis to make global conclusions. The first who doubted this statement of the problem was Emile Durkheim (1858-1917). He believed that sociology, with the object of his study of society, should not qualify for the "omniscience" of this society - its interest in the subject should be only social facts which form the social reality. From this he interpreted reality (laws, customs, rules of behavior, religious beliefs, monetary system, etc.) as an objective, since they do not depend on the person. An equally important feature of the concept of Durkheim was that he turned to social groups, while appreciating the role of the collective consciousness. Only thanks to this consciousness exists social integration, for the members of society attach importance to its norms and guided them in their lives. If the individual does not want to follow these standards, there is anomie, which is typical for all societies undergoing rapid change in its structure. In this regard, the use of sociology as a theory of society to study the causes of suicides (there is a special work on this) revealed unusual processes taking place in society and in the individual.

Of particular note is the idea of ​​Durkheim's solidarity and its types such as mechanical and organic.

With regard to Georg Simmel (1858-1918), he also offered his vision of how the Department of Sociology of the other social sciences, and defined its objective study of the laws that are inaccessible to other social sciences. Sociology, in his opinion, is studying pure forms "dissociation" (or communication) that can organize, psychologically justify and describe their historical development.

Works of Max Weber (1864-1920) are unique in its conception and execution of an alloy of historical and sociological knowledge. Weber saw the person as the basis of sociological analysis. In this respect, his views are contrary to the view of Durkheim who attached prime importance of public research structures. He believed that such complex concepts as "capitalism", "religion" and "state" can only be understood by analyzing the behavior of individuals. Therefore, the sociologist should examine the motives of the people and the importance that they attach to their own actions and those of others. He recognized the tremendous role of values, considering them a powerful force affecting the social processes. It is from these positions, he used terms such as "understanding," "ideal type", the phenomenon of "bureaucracy", "religion" that formed the basis of his "understanding sociology". And finally, he has devoted a lot of work problems of the state, the government, types of domination (traditional, legal, charismatic), which makes it one of the founders of political sociology.

It should be noted sociological system Pareto (1848-1923). Likening sociology exact sciences, such as physics, chemistry and astronomy, he proposed to use only empirically valid measurements, strictly observing the rules of logic in going from observations to generalizations. He rejected the ethics and values ​​of the elements in the investigation that lead to falsification, distortion of the facts. In fact, he formulated the basic requirements of empirical sociology, which has spread in the XX century, starting in the 20s its rapid development is usually associated with the name of Dilthey (1833-1911), William Moore, K. Davis and others .

Pareto significant contribution in the development of problems of the political elite, which have largely been continued and developed by G. Mosca (1858-1941).

Thus, the major contribution of representatives of classical sociology beginning of XX century was that they refute the claims of the study of the whole of society and tried to prove that the basis of their science should be based on the activities of social groups and communities (Durkheim), the person in all its manifold social action (Weber), and that the criterion of sociology as a science should be empirical specially classified and explained the facts of (Pareto).

Of course, these names are not restricted to the whole range of thinkers who belong to this period in the development of sociology. Among them should be called Karl Mannheim (1893-1947), who in his conception of the sociology of knowledge drawn attention to the study of the structures, which, anyway, was attended by the relationship of thought and society. It is from these positions, he approached the interpretation of the ideology, the truth, the role of the intellectual in society.

Among other sociologists, which can be attributed to this period, should be called L. von Wiese (1876-1969), author of the book "The system of general sociology" (1933), dedicated to the study of universal forms of social phenomena. Criticizing the concept of "society" as a fiction, he focused on the knowledge of the "social" or "interpersonal" in the forms of relationships such as "I - You" and "I - we," which include human relations.

In our view, the named scientists, their schools and their students finally constituted sociology as a science, having isolated its place and purpose in the other social sciences, and laid the foundations for further development and differentiation of social science.

Conclusion.

The first decade of the Soviet regime as a whole was characterized by a continuation of the traditions of sociological thought, which have developed in the previous stage of development, with the only difference that the Marxist School gradually began to claim the lead. Under the influence of NI Bukharin (1888-1938) historical materialism became identified with sociology. Although Bukharin was later arrested, this view prevailed to such an extent that historical materialism in general sociology replaced, making the term for many years in the undesirable forbidden word.

Sociology has been supported to a certain extent because it was the official position expressed by VI Lenin in his draft of the Socialist Academy, in which he raised the question of the development of social studies. It was established institutions dealing with different sociological issues. Director of one of them was KM Takhtarov (1871-1925).

Since the late 1920s there was a break in the development of sociological thought. By the end of the 1950s ignored the sociology and ranked as a "bourgeois" science, false theories, supposedly escapist reliable knowledge. In this connection it is interesting to note that the prosecution had not only the exact and natural sciences - genetics and cybernetics. Sociology also dealt a crushing blow nearly two decades earlier, on the verge of 20's and 30-ies of XX century.

In fairness (noted in studies GS Batygina) should be said that the word "sociology" was not completely prohibited. In the works and speeches of Academician GF Alexandrova can meet him once. This is due to belonging to the upper hierarchy of academician-Soviet party elite and the ability to speak more freely on this issue, although it is (both) ended in tears for him. Specific methods for the study were actually banned because these studies "port" or "could spoil the" picture of the official ideology, and sociology, equating to historical materialism allowed to arbitrarily interpret the supposedly scientific level on some of the social problems of society.

We played an important role scientific publications on methods of sociological research, as well as the collection, processing, storage and use of sociological information. Works VG Andrienkova, EP Andreev, FM Borodkin, GG Tatarova GI Saganenko, VF Ustinov and others promote and explain the principles on which the Union sociologist and mathematician seriously enrich Sociology, improves the quality and reliability of its results. The special value of this union was manifested in the creation of banks of sociological information, because it marked the transition from the descriptive methods of sociology to the widespread adoption of comparative (repeat, panel, etc.) research. Bank of sociological information allows to improve the methodology and organization of sociological research, identify gaps in the information received, and to adjust to the new foundations to group the data. And most importantly, a way to store and use information enriches and complements the national and international statistics.

There is no doubt at all costs of this phase of social science has prepared a new vision of the problems of this branch of knowledge, which is reflected in the work of sociologists in the late 1980s - early 1990s, aimed at finding alternatives to development in our country.

Sociological knowledge tends to absorb all the best that there is in the works of previous generations of social thinkers. At each stage of the historical sociology of transformation opens the way for new directions, which determine its movement forward. Among the problems that have become the leading sociology, at the present stage of development are: social position in society, and the group, social structure, participation in management, "human relationships", public opinion, socio-cultural and ethnic processes, environmental issues, interpersonal communication and other issues related to the specific historical and socio-economic situation in the country's transition to a market economy. However, there is still much to be done for the creation of appropriate teaching aids, and for the presentation of a valid theory of the development of sociological thought, free from prejudice, ideological clichés and ridiculous, accumulated over many years of neglect in this area of ​​science.

Sociology - it is not just a theory, but also the methodology, ie a level of theoretical knowledge, which is interpreted in the language of sociology allows to operate the information, arranged at the language indicators and indices. For example, consciousness can be represented by a set of components such as knowledge, evaluation, mood, motivation, values, attitudes, orientations, etc. It is handling these specific indicators can fill the "blood" and "flesh" are some concepts that are at the level of social philosophy and social psychology do not require such detail and specificity.

In addition to the methodology for the sociology of knowledge is very important method of social reality. And not just because it is very different from that of other sciences, and because it involves the use of statistical and mathematical tools of diverse specific methods of cognition. Strictly speaking, sociology does not deal with the reality and the perception of this reality by individuals, social groups and layers. To this end, it has developed a system of specific methods and tools by which information is made eat with its subsequent interpretation.

Further, sociology as a science must answer the question of their original principles. The author does not share the position of his colleagues, who begin the history of sociology from ancient times, from ancient Greece or ancient East, and some even mythology. This approach may be confusion when identified with the social public. If we stick to this logic, the rudiments of sociology should be sought in the caves of prehistoric man.

Meanwhile, sociology reflects the qualitative stage in human history when society appears to us in the human dimension, not just when the people, and each person becomes the subject of the historical process, which marked the beginning of the great bourgeois revolutions. It is from this period begins a new understanding of the role of man, of all people, without exception, in all manifestations of consciousness and behavior, and turning them into active participants in economic, social, political and cultural changes. Of course, this process took place slowly, with difficulty, from the failures and setbacks, but it is certain that the human dimension of the company fight their way and then is reflected in scientific thought. Of course, this step in the development of social thought could not begin suddenly, with an open sheet - conditions a different approach to people and society gradually matured. But these prerequisites have to take its rightful place, and do cavemen representatives of sociology during the hunting mammoths or harvesting wild fruit from the branches of trees.

Sociology as a science designed to operate not speculative schemes, but a real manifestation of life, which is reflected above all in a state of social consciousness, in different forms and types of activities, opportunities for their manifestation in the specific historical conditions. It is not the consciousness and behavior of an individual, and social communities and groups, awareness and behavior become social characteristics, are of public importance, form stable social processes and phenomena. It is the belief that at the heart of sociology should be based real analysis of consciousness and behavior of people and their dependence on objective conditions, forms the direction that the author calls the sociology of life.

References.

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2 Osipov GV Sociology. M., 1990. Principles of Sociology. Edited by A. Efendiyev. M., 1993.

3 Fundamentals of Applied Sociology. T. I-II / Ed. Sheregi FE, M.K.M. Gorshkov, 1995.

4 Workbook Sociology / Ed. GV Ocunoea. M., 1983.

5 P .: A. Sorokin - man, civilization and society. M., 1992.

6 Frolov SS 6 Sociology: Textbook for higher educational institutions. M: Logos, 1998.