Federal State Educational Institution of higher education "murmansk gosudrsvenny humanities university." Social and humanitarian faculties. Summary on the topic: "Sociology in the XIX century"

Completed student 1BSTSL  Smirnova Tatyana  Supervisor: 

Murmansk

2015

Contents:

1. Introduction;

2. Background of sociology;

3. Western European sociology XIX-XX c. In.;

4. Classical foreign sociology;

5. Conclusion;

6. List of used lietratury.

Introduction.

Sociology after a hard formation acquired the status of an independent science. Along the way were opening, and hope and disappointment, small victories and big defeats, for many years the dogmatic style of thinking, fear of innovation hindered its development. But despite all the contradictions, sociological thought has survived and continues to evolve.

Meanwhile, speaking of sociology, it is a theory. And science is not about society in general (society study and social philosophy, history, and political science, and legal science, and cultural studies), and society as a socio-human form. Not just society for man, and man in society - that is the essence of sociology. And why people start in their social appearance? With consciousness, with the ability to explore the world, to assess it with the personal and social position, to make sense, based on certain values, their environment and on this basis to build behavior, given the impact, both macro (of social relations) and microenvironment (immediate surroundings) .

For this approach, sociology uses the richness of philosophical knowledge of the mind in general, and public opinion in particular, on the activities and its role in social life, the influence of objective and subjective conditions for this awareness and behavior. For social analysis and conclusions are important psychological science of consciousness and behavior of each individual, the individual micro - and macrogroups.

On the basis of existing knowledge of sociology gives his interpretation of public consciousness and behavior, forms its categorical apparatus (for example, about the kinds and types of consciousness and action), his vision of the objective and subjective in social processes, their view of the macro, meso and micro levels human activity.

The history of every science shows that first arise, formed and developed only some elements of science, and then be confirmed and fixed the name, due to its nature and content. In other words, it is not a term, and not when and how it appeared. The fact that each science occurs as a response to the requirements of social development. Although the term is associated with the name of sociology Auguste Comte, this does not mean that he created this science. His genius manifested itself in the fact that he was able to compile and re-emerging to see those phenomena which were characteristic of the late XVIII - early XIX century.

And go to this generalization helped him direct his predecessors and teachers, who prepared extensive material for understanding the new phenomena in society. In the writings of Jean-Jacques Rousseau (1712-1778), Saint-Simon (1760-1825), and others. I was made ​​a deep analysis of the real socio-economic situation, outlines the basics of the functioning of public relations and, more importantly, is seen as the changing role of human activities Member of history.

During this period, under the influence of the French Revolution, there was a formation of civil society with all its qualitative characteristics and humanistic features in the center of which is gradually becoming a man in his specific social dimension.

The rapid development of capitalism, the growing wave of social conflicts and contradictions in the functioning of bourgeois democracy is strongly demanded not only the abstract, as the positivist study and explanation of social processes and phenomena. What is happening at the same time the rapid development of other social sciences - history, economics, law, social philosophy - a highlighted new set of problems, which were on the verge of Sciences and demanded an independent review.