10) Render into English:

Історія розвитку поліції Сполучених Штатів Америки складна.

В кожному місті, селищі або поселенні є поліція, в окрузі –

шеріф та його помічники. ФБР розслідує федеральні злочини.

Історія розвитку всіх цих служб різна. Не має єдиного погляду

щодо розвитку поліції у США. Значною мірою поліція колоF

ніальної Америки наслідувала британську модель розвитку.

Найбільш важливою правоохоронною посадою була посада

окружного шерифа. В історії американської поліції можно

виділити три етапи: політичну еру, реформаторська еру та еру

розв’язання суспільних проблем.

Unit 12

The Political Era

American police in the nineteenth century represented the local

politicians who placed them in power and gave them their resources

and authority. Those local politicians were uniformly male and white.

In northern cities the local ward boss and the local political machine

recruited police. As representatives of the local political powers, the

police provided a variety of services to citizens such as collecting garF

bage, finding work and lodging for recent immigrants etc. And, imF

portantly, the police helped the local politicians maintain their posiF

tions by encouraging citizens to vote for them, discouraging any opF

position or any voting for opposition candidates, and occasionally

even rigging elections. If new local politicians did happen to be electF

ed, the police too were replaced. Cities were divided into precincts and

each police precinct operated autonomously under the direction of

the ward leaders. Precincts hired, fired, managed, and deployed perF

sonnel, usually on foot patrols (walking a beat), and in this decentralF

Ized fashion responded to the demands of local citizens.

This is not to say that the police in America’s northern cities in

the nineteenth century did not work to prevent crime and maintain

order – they did both. While on foot patrol they handled disorderly

conduct and other minor problems as well as responded to more major

crimes. Call boxes were placed at strategic locations on an officer’s

beat to allow him to maintain contact with precinct headquarters.

Unfortunately, although police worked at close quarters with the comF

munity and provided many useful services to its members, the lack of

supervision sometimes led to corrupt practices such as taking bribes,

and rather frequently to racial discrimination and violence. Night

sticks were used to enforce «curbstone justice».

Boston created the first «professional» police department in 1838,

and New York City established its own in 1844, using Peel’s London

Metropolitan Police as a model. Philadelphia followed in 1854. SlowF

ly, night watchmen were replaced by police officers, and sheriffs were

relegated largely to serving court orders and running local jails and

lockups. The marshal system moved westward with the frontier, evenF

tually disappearing, except in the federal system where marshals still

Unit 11

54 55

play a law enforcement role, usually by serving federal arrest warrants

and transporting and protecting prisoners and witnesses. In the midF

1800s, the Boston police set up the first detective bureau, аs the chief

searchers for criminals.

In the south the local political structure was different. There the

institution of slavery existed. Indeed, some police historians contend

that American policing began in the southern «slave patrols» of the

1740s. The fear of slave revolts among plantation owners and the rest

of the southern white populace led to the enactment of laws providF

ing for the surveillance of all blacks, free and slave. The slave patrols

had complete power to break open houses, punish runaway slaves,

whip any slave who interfered with or resisted arrest, and arrest and

take any slave suspected of any crime before the closest magistrate.

These slave patrols enforced the southern laws that forbade blacks to

move freely, keep guns, or strike a white person.

Even later Illinois, Ohio, Indiana, Iowa, and California did not

allow blacks to testify in court if whites were involved in the case, and

Oregon forbade blacks to own real estate, file lawsuits, or make conF

tracts. Massachusetts outlawed interracial marriage and enforced segF

regation in hotels, restaurants, public transportation and theaters. And

freed slaves had to register and carry «freedom papers» which could

be inspected in any city north or south or by any suspicious white.

After the War Between the States, change came very slowly. The

black officers were assigned in or near black neighborhoods and were

restricted as to what they could do. In Miami black police were called

«patrolmen, and whites were called »policemen», in St. Louis black

officers worked «black beats,» and in Los Angeles they were assigned

to a special «black watch». As late as 1961 many police departments

throughout the United States restricted the power of black police to

make arrests, generally forbidding them from arresting white suspects.

Notes

1. to rig elections – фальсифікувати вибори

2. precinct – поліцейська або виборча дільниця

3. ward boss (leader) – голова адміністративного району міста

4. a callFbox – телефонFавтомат

5. a beat – район

6. curbstone justice – вyличне правосуддя

7. lock up – тимчасове приміщення для арештів

8. marshal – (судовий виконавець) начальник поліцейського

відділка

9. a surveillance – нагляд

10. to whip – карати

Exercises

1) Answer the following questions:

1. What services did the police provide to citizens in the 19th cenF

tury?

2. What happened if new local politicians were elected?

3. What created conditions for corrupt practices and racial discrimF

ination and violence?

4. When was the first «professional» police department created?

5. What happened with the marshal system?

6. When was the first detective bureau set up?

7. Why was the local political structure different in the south?

8. What led to the enactment of laws providing for the surveillance

of all blacks, free and slave?

9. What powers had the «slave patrols»?

10. What did the southern laws forbid blacks to do?

11. When did changes come?

12. Did the black police officers and white police officers have equal

powers?

2) Match the following English and Ukrainian noun phrases:

1. representatives of the local

political powers

1. незначні

правопорушення i тяжкі

злочини

2. a variety of service to

citizens

2.

у тісному контакті із

суспільством

3. finding work and lodging 3. компактне проживання

чорношкірого населення

4. Minor problems and major

crimes

4. знаходження роботи і

помешкання

5. at close quarters with the

community

5. різноманітні послуги

населенню

6. the lack of supervision 6. представники місцевої

політичної влади

Unit 12 The Political Era

56 57

3) Match the following English and Ukrainian verb phrases:

4)Find in the text the English equivalents for the words and phrases

below:

повноваження; політик; представник; громадянин; місце

проживання; голосувати; вибори; фальсифікувати; поліцейська

дільниця; патруль; попереджувати злочини; підтримувати

порядок; неправомірна поведінка; телефонFавтомат; голова

адміністративного району міста; корупція; хабар; «вуличне

правосуддя»; нічний патруль; в’язниця; свідок; злочинець;

рабство; запровадження законів; карати; чинити опір при

арешті; підозрювати у вчиненні злочину; заколот; давати свідF

чення у суді; володіти нерухомістю; подавати позов; змішані

шлюби; призначати на посаду; місця компактного проживання

чорношкірого населення; підозрюваний; обмежувати повноF

важення; забороняти.