- •1) The theoretical course of grammar. Relationships between theoretical and normative grammar. Language and speech.
- •5) The transformational method and its application to the English grammar.
- •2) Grammar and phonetics. Grammar and lexicology.
- •3. Methods of grammatical investigation. The distributional method and its application to the English language
- •4) The method of Immediate Constituents and its application to the English language
- •7) Morphology and syntax. Their relationship and boundary lines between them
- •6) The notion of opposition in grammar (nouns, verbs, adjectives)
- •8) The notions of grammatical meaning and grammatical forms as applied to the English language.
- •9) Grammatical categories in Modern English
- •11. Types of word-form derivation in English. Inflectional morphemes, sound alternation, zero morpheme.
- •10) The basic morphological notions: word-morpheme, morph, allomorph.
- •12. Analytical forms, suppletivity, grammatical homonymy.
- •14) Controversy in Parts of speech. Classification of parts of speech.
- •15) Charles Fries classification of words and its character
- •16) The noun. Its definition, grammatical meaning, morphological characteristics, syntactical functions.
- •17) The noun. Its grammatical categories. Problem of gender in Modern English
- •18) The noun. The category of number and its peculiarities in the English noun. Singularia tantum and pluralia tantum.
- •19) The noun. The category of number and its peculiarities in the English noun. Collective nouns and nouns of multitude.
- •35. The Sentence. Classification of sentences according to their structure.
- •20) The noun. The category of case. Different approaches to the category of case in Modern English. Mutual relations of number and case.
- •40. The Predicate. Types of predicates. Simple and compound Nominal Predicates.
- •38. The main parts of the sentence. Their definition.
- •22) The verb. Its definition, grammatical meaning and morphological classification of verbs,
- •23) The verb. Semantic-syntactical classification of verbs.
- •29. The Verb. The category of Voice, its definition. Different views on the problem. Relationship of voice and transitivity and intransitivity of verbs.
- •37. The Sentence. Types of complex sentences and their structure.
- •24. The Verb. The problem of aspect. Definition of this category. English and Russian aspects compared.
- •30. The Verb. The category of Voice, its definition. Different views on the problem. The question of the reflexive voice.
- •28. The Verb. The category of Mood. Definition, different conceptions of the mood system in English and objective reasons for the existing controversy.
- •25. Controversy concerning the category of aspect. Assessments of different approaches to continious forms.
- •27. The verb. The perfect. Controversy concerning the essence of perfect forms. Assessments of different views on the problem. The category of time correlation.
- •26. The Verb. The category of tense, its definition. System of tenses in the English Verb.
- •41.The Predicate. Types of predicates. Compound Verbal Predicates. Mixed types.
- •31. The problem of the subject matter of Syntax. Basic syntactical notions. The phrase and the sentence.
- •39.The Subject. Types of the subject.
- •32. Syntax. The phrase definition, types of phrases.
- •36. The Sentence. Types of coordination within the compound sentence.
- •33. The Phrase. Ways of expressing syntactical relations within a phrase (agreement, government, adjoinment, enclosure)
22) The verb. Its definition, grammatical meaning and morphological classification of verbs,
The verb is a very important part of speech, because in English not a single sentence can be composed without the finite form of the verb, with the exception of one member nominal sentences (‘Night. Cold and dark. Music’). A verb is a very stable category. It exist from the time immemorial on the one hand, and on the other hand it has undergone many changes during the development of the English language. In old English it had only synthetic forms and then it has developed a large number of analytical forms. A verb is a part of speech, expressing action or states, conceived as processes. A verb always expresses a state or an action, connected with the doer of the action. The verb is the only part of speech in present day English, that has a morphological system, based on series of person, number, tense, aspect, voice, mood and time relation.
From the morphological point of view in old English verbs were classified into strong and weak. In modern English verbs are divided into regular and irregular, which are distinguished by the formation of the past tense and the past participle.Regular verbs form their 2nd and 3rd forms by means of the suffix ‘ed’. It is pronounced ‘d’ after vowels and voiced consonants (‘played, answered, opened’), It’ s pronounced ‘t’ after voiceless consonants (looked, passed) and ‘id’ after verbs ending in ‘t’ or ‘d’ (‘wanted, ended, landed’)
Irregular verbs don’t obey this rule, they don/t preserve any uniform rule of building their 2nd and 3rd forms. Some of irregular verbs build up their forms without any affixation. For example, : to cut, cut, cut;; to cast, cast, cast; to hit, hit, hit.
34. The Sentence. Classification of sentences according to communicative types. According to communicative types, sentences can be declarative, interrogative and imperative. 1) We communicate something in declarative sentences. As for their structure, the subject precedes the predicate. As for the intonation, they are always pronounced with a fall. For example, “We have many books.”2) In interrogative sentences we ask a person of something. There are several types of interrogative sentences – special, general, disjunctive, alternative. Special questions are always pronounced with the falling tone, for example, ‘What are you writing down?’. General questions are pronounced with the rising tone and the word order is always inverted. For example, ‘Is it snowing?’. Disjunctive questions have a peculiar intonation pattern: the 1st part is pronounced with a fall, the 2nd part either with a fall or rise. When the 2nd part is pronounced with the fall, no answer is expected (‘Tom is absent, isn’t he.’). Alternative questions are pronounced with the rise in the 1st part and a fall in the 2nd part – “Is it black or white?”. 3) In imperative sentences we induce a person to fulfill an action. For example, ‘Take this book!’
23) The verb. Semantic-syntactical classification of verbs.
Semantically verbs are classified into notional and semi-notional. This is the difference not of the form, but of content. For example, ‘She grew old’, grew- is semi-notional or link verb. ‘She grew beautiful flowers’, grew – is notional verb. So, we see, that notional and semi-notional verbs can have similar forms and the distinction between them can be reflected by the substitution. Notional verbs usually have the verbal substitute ‘do’ with a more general meaning than the substituted verb. For example, ‘She speaks French better than he does.’ The lexical meaning of semi-notional verbs is usually so weak, that they can’t be substituted by verbal substitutes – ‘He is a better student, than she is’.
The majority of English verbs are notional that is possessing full lexical meaning and connected with it. It’s their ability to form a sentence alone (for example ‘Go out!’). Semi notional verbs have a very general lexical meaning, sometimes they even lose it and the meaning of the action is hardly felt is such verbs.
Semi-notional verbs can be divided into: Link verbs, Modal verbs, Auxiliary verbs.
a)Link verbs. A number of verbs are partly devoid of their lexical meaning and they have become links. To them we refer: ‘to go, to be, to turn, to become, to get’. For example, ‘She turned over a page’ – notional verb; ‘She turned pale’ – semi-notional verb. b)Modal verbs are characterized by their peculiar modal meaning, physical ability, permission, obligation, necessity to perform an action, denoted by some other verb. For example, ‘I can’t swim’(physical ability).
c) Auxiliaries. Some linguists speak of the 3rd group that is auxiliary verbs. They are verbs completely devoid of their lexical meaning. ‘Did you like it?’ Have you done your homework?’ – ‘do’ and ‘have’ are auxiliary verbs.