- •1) The theoretical course of grammar. Relationships between theoretical and normative grammar. Language and speech.
- •5) The transformational method and its application to the English grammar.
- •2) Grammar and phonetics. Grammar and lexicology.
- •3. Methods of grammatical investigation. The distributional method and its application to the English language
- •4) The method of Immediate Constituents and its application to the English language
- •7) Morphology and syntax. Their relationship and boundary lines between them
- •6) The notion of opposition in grammar (nouns, verbs, adjectives)
- •8) The notions of grammatical meaning and grammatical forms as applied to the English language.
- •9) Grammatical categories in Modern English
- •11. Types of word-form derivation in English. Inflectional morphemes, sound alternation, zero morpheme.
- •10) The basic morphological notions: word-morpheme, morph, allomorph.
- •12. Analytical forms, suppletivity, grammatical homonymy.
- •14) Controversy in Parts of speech. Classification of parts of speech.
- •15) Charles Fries classification of words and its character
- •16) The noun. Its definition, grammatical meaning, morphological characteristics, syntactical functions.
- •17) The noun. Its grammatical categories. Problem of gender in Modern English
- •18) The noun. The category of number and its peculiarities in the English noun. Singularia tantum and pluralia tantum.
- •19) The noun. The category of number and its peculiarities in the English noun. Collective nouns and nouns of multitude.
- •35. The Sentence. Classification of sentences according to their structure.
- •20) The noun. The category of case. Different approaches to the category of case in Modern English. Mutual relations of number and case.
- •40. The Predicate. Types of predicates. Simple and compound Nominal Predicates.
- •38. The main parts of the sentence. Their definition.
- •22) The verb. Its definition, grammatical meaning and morphological classification of verbs,
- •23) The verb. Semantic-syntactical classification of verbs.
- •29. The Verb. The category of Voice, its definition. Different views on the problem. Relationship of voice and transitivity and intransitivity of verbs.
- •37. The Sentence. Types of complex sentences and their structure.
- •24. The Verb. The problem of aspect. Definition of this category. English and Russian aspects compared.
- •30. The Verb. The category of Voice, its definition. Different views on the problem. The question of the reflexive voice.
- •28. The Verb. The category of Mood. Definition, different conceptions of the mood system in English and objective reasons for the existing controversy.
- •25. Controversy concerning the category of aspect. Assessments of different approaches to continious forms.
- •27. The verb. The perfect. Controversy concerning the essence of perfect forms. Assessments of different views on the problem. The category of time correlation.
- •26. The Verb. The category of tense, its definition. System of tenses in the English Verb.
- •41.The Predicate. Types of predicates. Compound Verbal Predicates. Mixed types.
- •31. The problem of the subject matter of Syntax. Basic syntactical notions. The phrase and the sentence.
- •39.The Subject. Types of the subject.
- •32. Syntax. The phrase definition, types of phrases.
- •36. The Sentence. Types of coordination within the compound sentence.
- •33. The Phrase. Ways of expressing syntactical relations within a phrase (agreement, government, adjoinment, enclosure)
16) The noun. Its definition, grammatical meaning, morphological characteristics, syntactical functions.
The noun is the word expressing the substantivity in the widest sense of the word. Nouns are names of objects, id est things, human beings, animals, materials and abstract notions (for example – table, house, man, girl, snow, sugar, love).All grammarians agree that nouns have 2 grammatical categories: number and case. The singular number shows that one object is meant, and the plural shoes that more than one object is meant (for example – girl – girls, table - tables). Nouns have 2 case forms – the common and possessive, for example – the child – the child’s father, a woman – a woman’s child. semantically all nouns can be divided into 2 main groups: proper names (John, Moscow, the Thames) and common nouns. Common nouns are divided into countable and uncountable nouns. Countable nouns denote objects that can be counted. They may be either concrete (book, student, car) or abstract (idea, word, effort). Uncountable nouns are names of objects that cannot be counted. They may be also concrete (water, grass, wood) and abstract (information, amazement, time).
Nouns may have different functions in the sentence. They may serve as: 1) the subject (‘Life is a strange thing’). 2) an object (He handed the man his medal). 3) a predicative (‘the place was in order’) 4) Various adverbial modifiers (He spoke in a different tone ). 5) an attribute (his officer’s uniform was not good.)
17) The noun. Its grammatical categories. Problem of gender in Modern English
All grammarians agree that nouns have 2 grammatical categories: number and case. The existence of the category of gender is disputable. Some grammarians accept it, others reject, because there are only 2 suffixes to express it – ‘ion’ (hero - heroine), ‘ess’ (steward - stewardess).
There are 4 different ways to distinguish between masculine and feminine:
1) By a change of word (cock – hen, man – woman, girl- boy, husband - wife)
2) By a change of ending (actor – actress, god – goodness, tiger - tigress)
3) Peculiar changes of ending (czar – czarina, wizard – witch, spinner - spinster)
4) By placing a word-morpheme before or after the word (he-goat, she-goat, man-doctor, woman-doctor, Tom-cat, Pussy-cat)
A noun that denotes a male gender is of the masculine gender (man, husband, boy); one, that denotes female is of the feminine gender (woman, girl, wife); one, that denotes either sex is of common gender (friend, cousin); one, that denotes neither sex is of the neuter gender (flower, rain, opinion).
We shouldn’t confuse sex and gender. Sex is biological, gender is cultural. Gender describes an individual’s personal, legal and social status without reference to genetic sex, gender is a subjective cultural attitude. Sex is an objective biological fact. gender varies according to the culture Sex is constant.
18) The noun. The category of number and its peculiarities in the English noun. Singularia tantum and pluralia tantum.
The singular number shows that one object is meant and the plural shows that more than one object is meant. But the category of number gives rise to several problems which claim special attention. In such cases as ‘waters’ and ‘snows’ we drift away from the original meaning of the plural number. No numeral could be used with nouns of this kind. We can’t say ‘three waters’ or ‘2 snows’, moreover we can’t say how many waters or snows we mean. The plural form of these words serves to denote a vast stretch of water (for example – waters of the ocean) or of snow (snows of the Canada). Pluralia tantum include nouns of 2 types:
1) Nouns which denote material objects, consisting of 2 parts – pajamas, trousers, scissors. 2) Nouns which denote a more or less indefinite plurality – environs (which means areas surrounding some place on all sides); dregs (which means various small things, remaining at the bottom of a vessel after the liquid has been poured out of it.)
Singularia tantum include;1) Nouns, denoting material substance (milk, butter, ink, silver)2) Names of abstract notions, such as peace, usefulness, friendship. With singularia tantum nouns the predicate verb is always singular.