- •1) The theoretical course of grammar. Relationships between theoretical and normative grammar. Language and speech.
- •5) The transformational method and its application to the English grammar.
- •2) Grammar and phonetics. Grammar and lexicology.
- •3. Methods of grammatical investigation. The distributional method and its application to the English language
- •4) The method of Immediate Constituents and its application to the English language
- •7) Morphology and syntax. Their relationship and boundary lines between them
- •6) The notion of opposition in grammar (nouns, verbs, adjectives)
- •8) The notions of grammatical meaning and grammatical forms as applied to the English language.
- •9) Grammatical categories in Modern English
- •11. Types of word-form derivation in English. Inflectional morphemes, sound alternation, zero morpheme.
- •10) The basic morphological notions: word-morpheme, morph, allomorph.
- •12. Analytical forms, suppletivity, grammatical homonymy.
- •14) Controversy in Parts of speech. Classification of parts of speech.
- •15) Charles Fries classification of words and its character
- •16) The noun. Its definition, grammatical meaning, morphological characteristics, syntactical functions.
- •17) The noun. Its grammatical categories. Problem of gender in Modern English
- •18) The noun. The category of number and its peculiarities in the English noun. Singularia tantum and pluralia tantum.
- •19) The noun. The category of number and its peculiarities in the English noun. Collective nouns and nouns of multitude.
- •35. The Sentence. Classification of sentences according to their structure.
- •20) The noun. The category of case. Different approaches to the category of case in Modern English. Mutual relations of number and case.
- •40. The Predicate. Types of predicates. Simple and compound Nominal Predicates.
- •38. The main parts of the sentence. Their definition.
- •22) The verb. Its definition, grammatical meaning and morphological classification of verbs,
- •23) The verb. Semantic-syntactical classification of verbs.
- •29. The Verb. The category of Voice, its definition. Different views on the problem. Relationship of voice and transitivity and intransitivity of verbs.
- •37. The Sentence. Types of complex sentences and their structure.
- •24. The Verb. The problem of aspect. Definition of this category. English and Russian aspects compared.
- •30. The Verb. The category of Voice, its definition. Different views on the problem. The question of the reflexive voice.
- •28. The Verb. The category of Mood. Definition, different conceptions of the mood system in English and objective reasons for the existing controversy.
- •25. Controversy concerning the category of aspect. Assessments of different approaches to continious forms.
- •27. The verb. The perfect. Controversy concerning the essence of perfect forms. Assessments of different views on the problem. The category of time correlation.
- •26. The Verb. The category of tense, its definition. System of tenses in the English Verb.
- •41.The Predicate. Types of predicates. Compound Verbal Predicates. Mixed types.
- •31. The problem of the subject matter of Syntax. Basic syntactical notions. The phrase and the sentence.
- •39.The Subject. Types of the subject.
- •32. Syntax. The phrase definition, types of phrases.
- •36. The Sentence. Types of coordination within the compound sentence.
- •33. The Phrase. Ways of expressing syntactical relations within a phrase (agreement, government, adjoinment, enclosure)
11. Types of word-form derivation in English. Inflectional morphemes, sound alternation, zero morpheme.
1)In the system of the English noun we distinguish the following inflectional morphemes: a) ‘es’, ‘s’, ‘en’ – expressing the idea of plurality. b) apostrophe ‘s’ – expressing the idea of possession
In the sphere of the English adjective the suffixes ‘er’, ‘est’ – are the only inflectional morphemes, expressing the idea of the comparative and superlative degrees of adjectives. 2)The zero morpheme – is characterized by the absence of the inflection, but this absence is meaningful as it presents the idea of singularity. Let’s consider some examples – girl – girls, child – children, woman – women. The first column of opposition (girl, child, woman) is characterized by the zero morpheme, expressing the idea of singularity. 3) Sound alternation can change the grammatical meaning of the word in following cases: 1. In irregular words (come – came, meet- met, see- saw, build- built); 2. In the formation of the plural (woman – women, man – men, foot – feet, tooth- teeth, mouse – mice, goose – geese, louse – lice. ). 3. In changing the stress. Unless we learn the right stress of the words, we can’t refer them to a definite part of speech. The change of stress can bring about the change in the grammatical meaning of the word – for example – Export (noun) – expOrt (verb), Import (noun) – impOrt (verb);
4.The change of intonation can also play a certain grammatical role as it can change the type of the sentence.(for ex. “He has nothing to say” – it is said with a falling tone, that’s a statement; ‘He has nothing to say’ – it is said with a rising tone, that’s why it expresses doubt. This type of sentences is called semi-interrogative.)
10) The basic morphological notions: word-morpheme, morph, allomorph.
The basic morphological notions are word and morpheme. Word is the smallest naming unit. It’s a sequence of human sounds, conveying a certain notion. Morphemes are the smallest meaningful units, into which a word form can be divided.
The word-form ‘workers’ can be divided into 3 morphemes: ‘work’ expressing the basic lexical meaning of the word; ’er” expressing the doer of the action; ‘s’ is a morpheme, expressing the idea of plurality.
In order to understand what an allomorph is, we will form an opposition – girl – girls, child- children, woman – women. Here morphemes ‘s, en, e’ have the same grammatical meaning, because they express plurality. They are allomorphs, that is variants of a morpheme of plurality.
Allomorph is a variant of a morpheme which occurs in certain environments.
Thus, the morpheme is a group of one or more allomorphs. We can distinguish root morphemes and affixal morphemes.
13) Parts of speech. The notion of parts of speech. Difficulties of the problem. Criteria applied in discriminating parts of speech: meaning, form and function.
The meaning of the word, its form, the place in the sentence and its combinability can be of help in classifying words as belonging to a certain part of speech. Parts of speech are lexico-grammatical classes of words, which are united on the basis of a general meaning, common to the whole class (thingness, action, property) and on the basis of their morphological and syntactical character.
The representatives of traditional grammar distinguish 7 or 8 parts of speech. They didn’t distinguish between notional and structural parts of speech. The majority of Soviet linguists point out 13 parts of speech. For example, Professor Smirnitsky, Ganshina and Vasilevskaya distinguish 3 classes of words: 1) Notional or significant words – they have independent meaning and perform a certain function in the sentence. They are 6: noun, pronoun, adjective, numeral, verb and adverb. 2) Form words, which are subdivided into 2 groups – connective form words (prepositions and conjunctions) and determinatives ( articles and particles). 3) It includes independent elements which do not enter into the structure of the sentence as its parts. They are 3 in number – interjections, yes/no words, parenthetical words.