- •1) The theoretical course of grammar. Relationships between theoretical and normative grammar. Language and speech.
- •5) The transformational method and its application to the English grammar.
- •2) Grammar and phonetics. Grammar and lexicology.
- •3. Methods of grammatical investigation. The distributional method and its application to the English language
- •4) The method of Immediate Constituents and its application to the English language
- •7) Morphology and syntax. Their relationship and boundary lines between them
- •6) The notion of opposition in grammar (nouns, verbs, adjectives)
- •8) The notions of grammatical meaning and grammatical forms as applied to the English language.
- •9) Grammatical categories in Modern English
- •11. Types of word-form derivation in English. Inflectional morphemes, sound alternation, zero morpheme.
- •10) The basic morphological notions: word-morpheme, morph, allomorph.
- •12. Analytical forms, suppletivity, grammatical homonymy.
- •14) Controversy in Parts of speech. Classification of parts of speech.
- •15) Charles Fries classification of words and its character
- •16) The noun. Its definition, grammatical meaning, morphological characteristics, syntactical functions.
- •17) The noun. Its grammatical categories. Problem of gender in Modern English
- •18) The noun. The category of number and its peculiarities in the English noun. Singularia tantum and pluralia tantum.
- •19) The noun. The category of number and its peculiarities in the English noun. Collective nouns and nouns of multitude.
- •35. The Sentence. Classification of sentences according to their structure.
- •20) The noun. The category of case. Different approaches to the category of case in Modern English. Mutual relations of number and case.
- •40. The Predicate. Types of predicates. Simple and compound Nominal Predicates.
- •38. The main parts of the sentence. Their definition.
- •22) The verb. Its definition, grammatical meaning and morphological classification of verbs,
- •23) The verb. Semantic-syntactical classification of verbs.
- •29. The Verb. The category of Voice, its definition. Different views on the problem. Relationship of voice and transitivity and intransitivity of verbs.
- •37. The Sentence. Types of complex sentences and their structure.
- •24. The Verb. The problem of aspect. Definition of this category. English and Russian aspects compared.
- •30. The Verb. The category of Voice, its definition. Different views on the problem. The question of the reflexive voice.
- •28. The Verb. The category of Mood. Definition, different conceptions of the mood system in English and objective reasons for the existing controversy.
- •25. Controversy concerning the category of aspect. Assessments of different approaches to continious forms.
- •27. The verb. The perfect. Controversy concerning the essence of perfect forms. Assessments of different views on the problem. The category of time correlation.
- •26. The Verb. The category of tense, its definition. System of tenses in the English Verb.
- •41.The Predicate. Types of predicates. Compound Verbal Predicates. Mixed types.
- •31. The problem of the subject matter of Syntax. Basic syntactical notions. The phrase and the sentence.
- •39.The Subject. Types of the subject.
- •32. Syntax. The phrase definition, types of phrases.
- •36. The Sentence. Types of coordination within the compound sentence.
- •33. The Phrase. Ways of expressing syntactical relations within a phrase (agreement, government, adjoinment, enclosure)
36. The Sentence. Types of coordination within the compound sentence.
A compound sentence is a sentence which consists of 2 or more clauses coordinated with each other. The clauses can be connected syndetically (by means of coordinating conjunctions – and, or else and conjunctive adverbs – however, yet, still), for example – ‘It was dark and the room was empty’. And asyndetically (without a conjunction or connective adverb), for example – ‘The rain felt: the house was empty’.
We can distinguish the following types of coordination: 1) copulative – expressed by the conjunctions – and, nor, neither nor. For example, It was summer and she was at home. 2) Disjunctive – expressed by the conjunctions ‘or, else, either or’, for example – He knew it was her or he was wrong. 3) Causative-consecutive – expressed by ‘for, so, therefore”. For example – It was cold, therefore she stayed at home. 4) Adversative – expressed by ‘but, while. still, yet’. for example, ‘the room was dark, but she was not afraid’.
33. The Phrase. Ways of expressing syntactical relations within a phrase (agreement, government, adjoinment, enclosure)
Within the phrase words are connected in different ways: in subordinate word combinations there is a word which is dominating over another word or words which are called adjuncts. Syntactical relations in subordinate word combinations can be of several types. The main types are agreement, government, adjoinment and enclosure.1) Agreement is the type of syntactical relations in which the dominant word requires the same form of a subordinate clause word. Agreement as a type of syntactical relation can be referred only to the category of number of the demonstrative pronouns – this cat – these cats, that dog – those dogs.
2) Government is such a type of syntactical relations in which the head word requires a certain form of the subordinate word. Transitive verbs in English require the object expressed by personal pronouns in the objective case. For example, ‘She often sees him alone.’ ‘see’ is a dominant word, the pronoun ‘him’ is in the objective case. Only personal pronouns have the objective case form and therefore prepositions play a great role in English while in Russian the case system is of great importance in government. In modern English word order, prepositions, post-positions substitute case relations.
3) Adjoinment is characterized by the absence of both agreement and government. It’s such a type of syntactical relations in which the subordinate word is unchangeable and just adjoins the head word. The most usual type of this kind of connection is the relation between the adverb and its head word. For example, ‘to come early, to do well, to work hard’.
4) Enclosure plays a very important role in modern English. It can be defined like this: some word or a group of words inserted between parts of an analytical form or between a notional word and a form word. The most commonly used case of enclosure is putting a word between an article and the noun which it determines. For example, ‘a fine weather’. Not only adjectives but also some other words (present and past participles, phrases) can be enclosured between a noun and an article.