- •1) The theoretical course of grammar. Relationships between theoretical and normative grammar. Language and speech.
- •5) The transformational method and its application to the English grammar.
- •2) Grammar and phonetics. Grammar and lexicology.
- •3. Methods of grammatical investigation. The distributional method and its application to the English language
- •4) The method of Immediate Constituents and its application to the English language
- •7) Morphology and syntax. Their relationship and boundary lines between them
- •6) The notion of opposition in grammar (nouns, verbs, adjectives)
- •8) The notions of grammatical meaning and grammatical forms as applied to the English language.
- •9) Grammatical categories in Modern English
- •11. Types of word-form derivation in English. Inflectional morphemes, sound alternation, zero morpheme.
- •10) The basic morphological notions: word-morpheme, morph, allomorph.
- •12. Analytical forms, suppletivity, grammatical homonymy.
- •14) Controversy in Parts of speech. Classification of parts of speech.
- •15) Charles Fries classification of words and its character
- •16) The noun. Its definition, grammatical meaning, morphological characteristics, syntactical functions.
- •17) The noun. Its grammatical categories. Problem of gender in Modern English
- •18) The noun. The category of number and its peculiarities in the English noun. Singularia tantum and pluralia tantum.
- •19) The noun. The category of number and its peculiarities in the English noun. Collective nouns and nouns of multitude.
- •35. The Sentence. Classification of sentences according to their structure.
- •20) The noun. The category of case. Different approaches to the category of case in Modern English. Mutual relations of number and case.
- •40. The Predicate. Types of predicates. Simple and compound Nominal Predicates.
- •38. The main parts of the sentence. Their definition.
- •22) The verb. Its definition, grammatical meaning and morphological classification of verbs,
- •23) The verb. Semantic-syntactical classification of verbs.
- •29. The Verb. The category of Voice, its definition. Different views on the problem. Relationship of voice and transitivity and intransitivity of verbs.
- •37. The Sentence. Types of complex sentences and their structure.
- •24. The Verb. The problem of aspect. Definition of this category. English and Russian aspects compared.
- •30. The Verb. The category of Voice, its definition. Different views on the problem. The question of the reflexive voice.
- •28. The Verb. The category of Mood. Definition, different conceptions of the mood system in English and objective reasons for the existing controversy.
- •25. Controversy concerning the category of aspect. Assessments of different approaches to continious forms.
- •27. The verb. The perfect. Controversy concerning the essence of perfect forms. Assessments of different views on the problem. The category of time correlation.
- •26. The Verb. The category of tense, its definition. System of tenses in the English Verb.
- •41.The Predicate. Types of predicates. Compound Verbal Predicates. Mixed types.
- •31. The problem of the subject matter of Syntax. Basic syntactical notions. The phrase and the sentence.
- •39.The Subject. Types of the subject.
- •32. Syntax. The phrase definition, types of phrases.
- •36. The Sentence. Types of coordination within the compound sentence.
- •33. The Phrase. Ways of expressing syntactical relations within a phrase (agreement, government, adjoinment, enclosure)
27. The verb. The perfect. Controversy concerning the essence of perfect forms. Assessments of different views on the problem. The category of time correlation.
There is no unity of opinions concerning the essence of the perfect forms. there exist 4 different lines of approach to perfect forms: 1) Some linguists (Sweet, Jesperson, Gantshina) regard perfect forms as tense forms. some other scholars consider them to be aspect forms. Professor Ilyish calls perfect forms ‘forms of the resultative aspect’. Deutschbein, West and Vorontsova call perfect forms transmissive aspect. professor Ivanova refers perfect forms to tense-aspect system. The 3 named points of view seemed to be erroneous. The 4th line of approach is represented by Professor Smirnitsky who arrived at the conclusion that this category is neither one of tense nor that of aspect. He proves his point of view into following way: He takes the form ‘has spoken’ and says if the perfect forms were a tense category, than the present perfect would be a union of 2 different tenses – the present and perfect. This is clearly impossible, because if a form already belongs to a tense category (Present for example), it cannot simultaneously belong to another tense category. Otherwise, 2 particular tense categories in 1 form would collide. Thus, it follows that the category of perfect forms can’t be a tense category.
26. The Verb. The category of tense, its definition. System of tenses in the English Verb.
The category of tense is a verbal category which reflects the objective category of time and expresses on this background the relation between the time of the action and the time of the utterance. Thus, the category of tense reflects the category of objective time. Time exists independently of our consciousness. The main divisions of objective time are 3 in number – Past, Present and Future. By the past we mean the period of time which is prior to the moment of speaking. By the Future we understand the period of time following the period of speaking. The present is endless. t/s a borderline between past and future.
Therefore, by the present we understand such a period of time which can be broad or narrow but which must necessarily include the moment of speaking.
Barhudarov and Stelling consider that the system of tenses in English includes 16 tense forms, which correspond to the 3 divisions of objective time:
Present Indefinite:’speaks’. Present Continuous:’is speaking’. Present perfect:’has spoken’. Present Perfect Continuous:’has been peaking’. Past Indefinite’spoke’. Past Continuous:’was speaking’. Past Perfect:’had spoken’. Past Perfect Continuous:’had been speaking.
Future Indefinite:’will speak’.Future Continuous:’will be speaking’. Future Perfect:’will have spoken’. Future Perfect Continuous:’will have been speaking”
Future in the Past, indefinite:’would speak’. Continuous:’would be speaking’. Perfect: ‘would have spoken’. Perfect Continuous:’would have been speaking.
41.The Predicate. Types of predicates. Compound Verbal Predicates. Mixed types.
The majority of grammarians distinguish 2 types of the compound verbal predicate: 1) the compound verbal modal predicate 2) compound verbal aspect predicate. These 2 types are distinguished according to the meaning of their 1st component – in the compound verbal modal predicate the 1st component expresses either the beginning, repetition or ending of the action.
Mixed predicates are – 1) compound modal verbal predicate – ‘Don’t think I mean to be unkind’. 2) The compound aspect verbal nominal predicate - for ex ‘It began to grow dark’. 3) the compound modal aspect verbal predicate – for ex – ‘You must stop doing nothing’.