- •1) The theoretical course of grammar. Relationships between theoretical and normative grammar. Language and speech.
- •5) The transformational method and its application to the English grammar.
- •2) Grammar and phonetics. Grammar and lexicology.
- •3. Methods of grammatical investigation. The distributional method and its application to the English language
- •4) The method of Immediate Constituents and its application to the English language
- •7) Morphology and syntax. Their relationship and boundary lines between them
- •6) The notion of opposition in grammar (nouns, verbs, adjectives)
- •8) The notions of grammatical meaning and grammatical forms as applied to the English language.
- •9) Grammatical categories in Modern English
- •11. Types of word-form derivation in English. Inflectional morphemes, sound alternation, zero morpheme.
- •10) The basic morphological notions: word-morpheme, morph, allomorph.
- •12. Analytical forms, suppletivity, grammatical homonymy.
- •14) Controversy in Parts of speech. Classification of parts of speech.
- •15) Charles Fries classification of words and its character
- •16) The noun. Its definition, grammatical meaning, morphological characteristics, syntactical functions.
- •17) The noun. Its grammatical categories. Problem of gender in Modern English
- •18) The noun. The category of number and its peculiarities in the English noun. Singularia tantum and pluralia tantum.
- •19) The noun. The category of number and its peculiarities in the English noun. Collective nouns and nouns of multitude.
- •35. The Sentence. Classification of sentences according to their structure.
- •20) The noun. The category of case. Different approaches to the category of case in Modern English. Mutual relations of number and case.
- •40. The Predicate. Types of predicates. Simple and compound Nominal Predicates.
- •38. The main parts of the sentence. Their definition.
- •22) The verb. Its definition, grammatical meaning and morphological classification of verbs,
- •23) The verb. Semantic-syntactical classification of verbs.
- •29. The Verb. The category of Voice, its definition. Different views on the problem. Relationship of voice and transitivity and intransitivity of verbs.
- •37. The Sentence. Types of complex sentences and their structure.
- •24. The Verb. The problem of aspect. Definition of this category. English and Russian aspects compared.
- •30. The Verb. The category of Voice, its definition. Different views on the problem. The question of the reflexive voice.
- •28. The Verb. The category of Mood. Definition, different conceptions of the mood system in English and objective reasons for the existing controversy.
- •25. Controversy concerning the category of aspect. Assessments of different approaches to continious forms.
- •27. The verb. The perfect. Controversy concerning the essence of perfect forms. Assessments of different views on the problem. The category of time correlation.
- •26. The Verb. The category of tense, its definition. System of tenses in the English Verb.
- •41.The Predicate. Types of predicates. Compound Verbal Predicates. Mixed types.
- •31. The problem of the subject matter of Syntax. Basic syntactical notions. The phrase and the sentence.
- •39.The Subject. Types of the subject.
- •32. Syntax. The phrase definition, types of phrases.
- •36. The Sentence. Types of coordination within the compound sentence.
- •33. The Phrase. Ways of expressing syntactical relations within a phrase (agreement, government, adjoinment, enclosure)
30. The Verb. The category of Voice, its definition. Different views on the problem. The question of the reflexive voice.
Voice is the form of the verb which serves to show whether the subject of the sentence is the agent or the object of the action expressed by the predicate verb. There are 2 voices in English – the Active and the Passive voice. The active voice shows that the person or thing denoted by the subject of the sentence is the doer of the action expressed by the predicate verb, that it acts. For example, ‘I don’t agree with her’. The passive voice serves to show that the person or thing denoted by the subject of the sentence is not the doer of the action expressed by the predicative verb but the object of the action. The subject of a passive verb doesn’t act but is acted upon, it undergoes an action. For example, ‘I was given a present by him’.
Relationship of voice and transitivity and intransitivity of verbs. Let’s consider some examples, ‘He will shave and wash’ ‘I haven’t dressed up yet.’ The verbs in these sentences are objective, transitive and used absolutively in the form of the active voice. But the real voice meaning is not active, because the actions expressed are not passed from the subject to any outer object, on the contrary these actions are confined to no other participant of the situation than the subject, the latter constituting its own object of the action performance. This kind of verbal meaning of the action performed by the subject upon itself is called as ‘reflexive’
28. The Verb. The category of Mood. Definition, different conceptions of the mood system in English and objective reasons for the existing controversy.
By modality we understand the linguistic expression of the relation of our utterance to reality as viewed by the speaker. Mood is a grammatical means of expressing modality. By mood we understand the relation of the action to reality from the speaker’s point of view. The majority of linguists distinguish 3 moods – 2 direct moods (indicative and imperative) and 1 oblique mood (subjunctive).
The indicative mood is the form of the verb which expresses an action as real fact. Morphologically it’s the most developed system because it’s expressed by all verbal categories. For example, I have done my homework. The boy went away. The girl is crying, etc.
The imperative mood is the form of the verb which expresses a command or request of a speaker, addressed to the 2nd person. It doesn’t express any action. The speaker only urges the person addressed to fulfill an action. For example, Go out please! Do it right now! Take this book! Sometimes we use the personal pronoun ‘’you’ only for the sake of emphasis. For example, You do it please! It’s a colloquial form.
The subjunctive mood expresses an action as non- fact, something imaginary, desirable, obligatory or contrary to reality.
25. Controversy concerning the category of aspect. Assessments of different approaches to continious forms.
The category of aspect has always been and remain one of the debatable problems of English grammar. some scholars interpret aspect as a category of semantics, rather than that of aspect. George Cerm distinguishes the following aspects: 1) Durative aspect (representing the action as continuing) – ‘She is eating’ 2) Point action aspect. It calls attention to 1 point – either to the beginning of the action, than it’s ingressive action or inchoative action – ‘She always watches TV’, or it calls attention to the final point of the action and calls it effective aspect. ‘She dropped a pencil’. 3) Terminative aspect, indicating an action as a whole – ‘The child understood me.’ 4) Iterative action, showing the repetition of the like acts – ‘She banged against the wall’, “The cat mewed”
The view of G. Cerm is shared by Max Deutschbein. We can’t but object to this classification because it’s based upon semantic principles. They confuse the grammatical category of the aspect and lexical meaning of the verb.
Another group of grammarians – Henry Sweet, Otto Jesperson believe that the English verb does not express any aspect distinctions at all. They don’t recognize aspect as a grammatical category. They treat the continuous forms as tense forms, expressing simultaneous with some other actions. They give such category different names, such as progressive, expanded, long, durative, etc.