- •1. Old English – The story of Jacob’s Deceit
- •Phonetic analysis
- •Grammatical analysis
- •Etymological analysis
- •2. Middle English – From Capgrave’s Chronicle of England
- •Grammar analysis
- •Etymological analysis
- •3. New English – d.Chrystal, The Cambrige Encyclopedia of the English Language, 1995
- •Phonetic analysis
- •Grammar and etymological analysis
Etymological analysis
Word as it is used in the text |
Foreign prototype |
Corresponding NE words |
translation |
1. sealde |
past.ind. of sellan, old Sax. – sellian, old High Germ. –sellen, old Scand. – selja, Goth.- saljan |
sell |
sold |
2. cwæð |
old High Germ quedan, old Scand. kveða, Goth -diÞan |
obs. quoth |
quote |
3. swā |
Comm. Germ. –swai, Germ – so, old Scand. –svá, Goth. –swā, swē |
so |
so |
4. eart |
Angl. – earon, ært |
are |
are |
5. hwæt |
Old Scan. –ƕat, L - quod |
what |
what |
6. hlāf |
Germ. –liab, old Scand.—hleifr, Goth.-laifs, ср.Рус. -хлҌбъ |
loaf |
bread |
7. huntoðe |
old. Fr.-hurter |
hunting |
hunting |
8. blētsiƷe |
Early Nortumbr. -bloedsia |
bless |
bless |
9. Þæt |
Germ. –die, der, das. Old Scand.- sá, Þat, Goth. –sa,sō, Þata. Greek –ho, hē |
that |
that |
10. fæder |
Latin – pater |
father |
father, отец |
2. Middle English – From Capgrave’s Chronicle of England
[1394]
In the XVIII. Ʒere the Kyng held his Parlement at Dulyn, and thidir com alle the lordes that had mad subjeccion onto him.
And in that same tyme, Edmund, duke of York, Keper of Ynglond, held a Parlement at London; to whech Parlement cam the duke of Gloucetir fro Yrlond, expressing the Kyngis costis in Yrlond: and his legacion was so acceptabil, that the clergy graunted him a dyme, and the lay fe a fiftene.
In this tyme the Lolardis set up scrowis at Westminster and at Poules, with abhominable accusaciones of hem that long to the Cherch, whech sounded in destruccioune of the Sacramentis, and of statutes of the Cherch. The meyteyneris of the puple that were so infect were these:—Richard Storry, Lodewik Clifforth, Thomas Latymer, Jon Mountagw. Thei were principal instructouris of heretikes. The Kyng, whan he had conceyved the malice of these men, he cleped hem to his presens, and snybbed hem; forbad hem eke thei schuld no more meynten no swech materea. Of Richard Story he took a hooth; for he swore on a book that he schuld nevyr meynten no swech opiniones. And aftir this hooth the Kyng saide,—"And I swere here onto the, If evyr thou breke thin ooth, thou schal deye a foul deth." Thei that were gilty in this mater withdrew gretly her oterauns of malys.
Translation:
In the XVIII year the King held his Parlement at Dublin, all the lords that had made subjection onto him came to that place.
And in the same time, Edmund, the duke of York, the Keeper of England, held a Parliament at London; the duke of Gloucester from Ireland, expressing the Kings costs in Ireland, came to that Parliament either; and his legation was so acceptable, that the clergy granted him a dime, and the lay fee a fifteen.
In this time the Lollards set up documents (escrows) at Westminster and at St. Paul’s Cathedral, with abominable accusations of those who long to the Church, which sounded as destruction of the Sacrament, and of statutes of the Church. The maintainers of the people that were so infect were these:— Richard Storry, Lodewik Clifforth, Thomas Latymer, Jon Mountagw. They were principal instructors of heretics. The King, when he had conceived the malice of these men, called them to his presence, and snubbed hem; he forbade them to maintain any such matter. He took an oath of Richard Story; for he swore on a book that he should never maintain any such opinions. And after this oath the King said,—"And I swear here onto it, if you ever break this oath, you shall die a foul death." Those who were guilty in this matter withdrew greatly their utterance of malice.
Phonetic analysis
Word as it is used in the text |
Analysis notes |
Corresponding word |
Translation |
1. Ʒere |
OE – Ʒēar, [ēa:] ->> [e]+vocalized [r] Ʒ –[j] –before front vowels |
Year |
Year |
2. Thidir |
OE- Þider, Þ replaced by th, e replaced by i, i –[i:] |
thither |
To that place, there |
3. Alle |
OE –eal, [ea]->>[a] before ll |
All |
All |
4. Tyme |
OE – tīma, ī replaced by y, a replaced by e, y- [i:] |
Time |
Time |
5.come |
OE – cumen, [u]-[u], u replaced by o, before m |
come |
come |
6. whan |
OE- hwænne, [hw]->> [hw],[æ]->>[a], hw replaced by w |
when |
when |
7. oterauns |
OE – ūt, outer+ance, [ū] – [o], u->>o |
utterance |
utterance |
8. were |
OE – wæron, [æ:]->>[e:]+vocalized [r], æ replaced by e |
were |
were |
9. malys |
L-malitia, malicia. i->>y, cia(tia)->>s |
malice |
malice |
10. that |
OE – Þæt, [æ]->>[a], [θ] ->> [θ], æ replaced by a, Þ replaced by th |
that |
that |
11. was |
OE – wæs, [æ]->>[a], [s] – [s], æ replaced by a |
was |
was |
12. lordes |
OE – hlāford, [a:]->>[o:] |
lords |
lords |
13.puple |
peple, OF – pueple, L – populus [e:] |
people |
people |
14. schal |
OE –sceal, ea ->> a, sc ->> sch. Later in ME fricative [ʃ] developed from [sk’] |
shall |
shall |
15.cherch |
OE - circe, cirice [k’] ->> [tʃ]
|
church |
church |
16. scrowis |
OF – escroue, ou -> w, e -> is |
escrow |
document, scroll |
17. abhominable |
L – abominābilis, b ->> bh, [b] ->> [bƔ] |
abominable |
abominable |
18. presens |
OF – presence, сe –> s, [s] – [s] |
presence |
presence |
19.hooth |
OE – āð, ð ->> th, [a:] -> [u:] + h |
oath |
oath |
20. Kyng |
OE – cyninƷ, y ->> [i] East Midland Dialect, с replaced by k, Ʒ [g] replaced by g. |
King |
King |