2.Вопрос. Main grammatical changes within the historical context:evolution of main parts such as the noun, verb, adjective, and pronoun.

Grammatical ending , or inflections, were certainly the principal from building means used: they were found in all the parts of speech that could change their from: they were usually used alone but could also occur in combination with other means.

Sound interchanges were employed on a more limited scale and were often combined with other from building means, especially endings. Vowel interchanges were more common than interchanges of consonants .

The use of prefixes in grammatical forms was rare and was confined to verbs . Suppletive forms were restricted to several pronouns , a few adjectives and a couple of verbs . The parts of speech to be distinguished in OE are as follows : the noun , the adjective ,the pronoun , the numeral (all referred to as nominal parts of speech or nomina ) , the verb , the adverb , the preposition , the conjunction , and the interjection . Grammatical categorles are usually subdivided into nominal categories , found in nominal parts of speech and verbal categories found chiefly in the finite verb .

In the course of ME and Early NE the grammatical system of the language underwent profound alteration . Since the OE period the very grammatical type of the language has changed : from what can be defined as a synthetic or inflected language ,whit a well developed morphology English has been transformed into a language of the “analytical type ” , with analytical forms and ways of word connection prevailing over synthetic ones. This does not mean, however, that the grammatical changes were rapid or sudden :nor does it imply that all grammatical features were in a state of perpelual change.

The division of words into parts of speech has proved to be one of the most permanent chacteristics of the language .Through all the periods of history English preserved the distinctions between the he following parts of speech : the noun , the adjective , the pronoun , the numeral, the verb , the adverb , the preposition, the conjunction , and the interjection.

4.Chronological divisions in the history of English. Short survey of periods.

The historical development of a language is a continuous unin-terrupled process without sudden breaks or rapid transformation . There fore any periodisation imporsed on language history by linguists , with precise dates , might appear artificial , if not arbitrary .Yet in all language histories divisions into perlonds and cross-sections of a certain length , are used for teaching and research purposes. The commonly accepted, traditional periodisation divides English history into three periods: old English (OE), middle English (ME) and new English (NE), with boundaries attached to definite dates and historical events effecting the language. OE begins with the Germanic settlement of Britain(5th c.) or with the beginning of writing(7th c.) andends with the Norman Conquest (1066); which is the start of the modern or new English period. The new period lasts to the present day. The amendments proposed to the traditional periodisation shift the boundery lines or envisage other subdivisions within the main periods: it has been suggested that ME really began at a later date, c. 1150 to…