Psychology

Psychology is the science of the mind and behavior. The word "psychology" comes from the Greek word psyche meaning "breathe, spirit, soul", and the Greek word logia meaning the study of something.

According to Medilexicon's medical dictionary, psychology is "The profession (clinical psychology), scholarly discipline (academic psychology), and science (research psychology) concerned with the behavior of humans and animals, and related mental and physiologic processes." Although psychology may also include the study of the mind and behavior of animals, in this text psychology refers mainly to humans.

Psychology is an academic and applied discipline that involves the scientific study of mental functions and behaviors. Psychology has the immediate goal of understanding individuals and groups by both establishing general principles and researching specific cases, and by many accounts it ultimately aims to benefit society. In this field, a professional practitioner or researcher is called a psychologist, and can be classified as a social, behavioral, or cognitive scientist. Psychologists attempt to understand the role of mental functions in individual and social behavior, while also exploring the physiological and neurobiological processes that underlie certain cognitive functions and behaviors.

Psychologists explore concepts such as perception, cognition, attention, emotion, phenomenology, motivation, brain functioning, personality, behavior, and interpersonal relationships. Psychologists of diverse stripes also consider the unconscious mind. Psychologists employ empirical methods to infer causal and co - relational relationships between psychosocial variables. In addition, or in opposition, to employing empirical and deductive methods, some -especially clinical and counseling psychologists - at times rely upon symbolic interpretation and other inductive techniques. Psychology has been described as a "hub science", with psychological findings linking to research and perspectives from the social sciences, natural sciences, medicine, and the humanities, such as philosophy.

While psychological knowledge is often applied to the assessment and treatment of mental health problems, it is also directed towards understanding and solving problems in many different spheres of human activity. The majority of psychologists are involved in some kind of therapeutic role, practicing in clinical, counseling, or school settings. Many do scientific research on a wide range of topics related to mental processes and behavior, and typically work in university psychology departments or teach in other academic settings (e.g., medical schools, hospitals). Some are employed in industrial and organizational settings, or in other areas such as human development and aging, sports, health, and the media, as well as in forensic investigation and other aspects of law.

Task 1. Write the transcription and find Kazakh or Russian equivalents of the following words and word combinations:

1. Psychology –

2. Behavior-

3. Physiologic processes-

4. Discipline-

5. Neurobiological process-

6. Phenomenology-

7. mental health problems-

8. therapeutic role-

9. forensic investigation-

Task 2. Fill in the blank with the following words:

General principles, stripes, involved, behavior, hub science, refers, science.

1. Psychology is the … of the mind and behavior.

2. Although psychology may also include the study of the mind and … of animals, in this text psychology … mainly to humans.

3. Psychology has the immediate goal of understanding individuals and groups by both establishing … and researching specific cases.

4. Psychologists of diverse … also consider the unconscious mind.

5. Psychology has been described as a "…", with psychological findings linking to research and perspectives from the social sciences.

6. The majority of psychologists are … in some kind of therapeutic role, practicing in clinical, counseling, or school settings.

Task 3. Find the synonyms for the following words:

A mind, a behavior, a study, a scholarly, a behavior, an aim, an attention, an emotion, a relationship, a knowledge.

Task 4. Write T (true) or F (false).

1. The word "psychology" comes from the Latin word psyche meaning "breathe, spirit, soul".

2. In this field, a professional practitioner or researcher is called a psychologist, and can be classified as a social, behavioral, or cognitive scientist.

3. Psychologists employ empirical methods to infer causal and co - relational relationships between psychosocial variables.

4. It is not also directed towards understanding and solving problems in many different spheres of human activity.

5. The majority of psychologists are involved in some kind of therapeutic role, practicing in clinical, counseling, or school settings.

6. Psychologists of diverse stripes don`t consider the unconscious mind.

Task 5. Answer the following questions:

1. What is psychology?

2. Where does come the word “psychology from?

3. What does mean “psychology” in Medilexicon's medical dictionary?

4. What is the aim of psychology?

5. What do Psychologists explore?

6. Why is psychology described as a “hub science”?

7. Where are the majority of psychologists involved?

8. Where do psychologists work?

Task 6. Retell the text

Text History of Psychology

Active Vocabulary:

1. To date back – датировать задним числом, даталау

2. to border on – граничить, шектес болу

3. artificial – искусственный, жасанды

4. to set up – создавать, устанавливать, жасау

5. an inquiry – запрос, сұраныс

6. to point – указывать, қолмен көрсету, сілтеу

7. a treatise – трактат, научный труд, ғылыми еңбек

8. to theorize – теоретизировать, мәселені теория тұрғысынан тексеру

9. a divine – божественный, тәңірлік

10. to focus (on) – сосредоточиваться, жинақтау

11. an investigation – исследование, расследование, зерттеу, тергеу

12. a structuralist – структуралист

13. an approach – подход, доступ, жақындау, ыңғай

14. to oppose – выступать против, противиться, қарсы болу

15. a value – значение, ценность, бағалы зат, мағына

16. to find out – выяснять, обнаруживать, білу, сұрастырып табу

17. a benefit – польза, выгода, пайда

18. contributors – авторы, авторлар

19. quantitative – количественный, сандық

20. to discover – обнаруживать, находить, ашу, табу

21. to reiterate – повторять, делать снова и снова, қайта істеу

22. eventually – в конечном счете, в конце концов, ең ақырында

23. a strain – деформация, напряжение, күш салу, түр өзгеруі

24. meantime – между тем, тем временем, сол кезде, солай бола тұра

Read and translate the text: