Отрицательное предложение

В отличие от русского языка, где в предложении может быть несколько отрицаний, в английском языке возможно только одно отрицание, например:

Nobody ever told me anything about it.

Мне никто никогда ничего об этом не говорил.

Другой отличительной особенностью является то, что в английском предложении именно сказуемое ставится в отрицательной форме. Отрицательная частица not стоит при сказуемом и в тех случаях, когда в соответствующих русских предложениях частица не стоит при другом члене предложения.

Он обедает не дома.	He does not have his dinner at home.
Уроки английского у нас не каждый день.	We don’t have English lessons every day.

 

I.  Основным средством выражения отрицания в английском языке является отрицательная частица not.

II.  Помимо частицы not в английском языке есть и другие слова, выражающие отрицание. А поскольку в английском предложении может быть только одно отрицание, то сам глагол-сказуемое употребляется в утвердительной форме:

1) отрицательное местоимение no;

2) отрицательные местоимения nobody, no one, none, nothing, neither, nowhere;

3) союз neither... nor;

4) наречия never, hardly, scarcely, seldom, rarely, barely;

5) предлог without;

6) отрицательные приставки in-, un-.

 

  

Отрицание в вопросительных предложениях.

Место частицы not в предложении зависит от того, употребляется ли полная или краткая ее форма. Краткая форма отрицания –n’t присоединяется к вспомогательному или модальному глаголу. Полная форма not ставится перед смысловым глаголом:

Don’t you hear me? = Do you not hear me?	Разве ты меня не слышишь?
Can’t you understand me? = Can you not understand me?	Неужели ты не можешь понять меня?

Глагол to be в 1-м лице ед. числа в общем вопросе и в присоединенной части разделительного вопроса имеет краткую отрицательную форму aren’t [Rnt]:

Am I not late? = Aren’t I late?	Разве я не опоздал?
I’m early, am I not? = I’m early, aren’t I ?	Я пришел рано, не так ли?

 

 

Отрицание в повелительных предложениях.

Отрицательная форма повелительного наклонения всегда образуется с помощью вспомогательного глагола do с последующей частицей not, например:

Do not speak so much.

Не говорите так много.

Даже с глаголом to be:

Don’t be late!

Не опаздывайте!

Грамматический тренинг.

Задание 1. Употребите следующие предложения в вопросительной и отрицательной формах: Пример: John goes there twice a week. Does John go there twice a week? John doesn’t go there twice a week.

1.He knows French perfectly. 2. She makes mistakes in spelling. 3. They enjoy their English lessons. 4. They live in Kiev. 5. We use Internet for our English lessons.6. The plane leaves at ten o’clock. 7. She always comes to class late. 8. I always take the same bus to work.

Задание 2. Образуйте повелительное наклонение и его отрицательную форму. Поясните, зачем нужно/ не нужно это делать.

Пример: (Tell) her about it.

Tell her about it. She must know it. Don’t tell her about it. – She must not know it.

1.(Give) the toy to John. 2. (Close) the door. 3. (Call) him in the morning. 4. (Let) him talk with her. 5. (Turn) off the light. 6. (Leave) your hat on the chair. 7. (Lend) him your dictionary. 8. (Help) him with his homework. 9. (Open) the window. 10.(Buy) an ice cream.

(подсказки) 1. To play with/ to break it 2. Noisy/ stuffy 3. to wake him up/ to sleep 4. To love her/ to be not polite 5. To go to bed/ too dark 6. No place to hang it/ to sit down on it 7. To translate the word quickly/ to lose it 8. Understand it/ to it himself 9. Have fresh air/ too cold 10. Delicious/ to catch a cold

Задание 3. Переведите на английский язык. Translate the following into English.

1.Принеси, пожалуйста, воды. 2. Не бери бумагу. Дай мне лист бумаги. 3. Выпей стакан молока. 4. Не покупай эти огурцы. Они не вкусные. 5.Выключи мобильный телефон. 6.Не открывай окно! 7. Не звони ему. 8. Напиши адрес. 9. Принесите и еще одну вилку и салфетки. 10. Идите прямо, затем, поверните налево. 11. Купи билет. 12. Нарисуй солнце. 13. Не ходи туда. Опасно. 14. Спой что-нибудь, пожалуйста.

Задание 4. Переведите на русский язык. Translate it into Russian.

1.What a beautiful picture! 2. What a house! 3. What strange people! 4. How wonderful! 5. How beautiful she is! 6. How hard he works! 7. What a lot of languages your sister speaks! 8. Isn’t she beautiful! 9. Doesn’t he work hard! 10.Wasn’t it a surprise! 11. What an exceptional child this is! 12. I can’t figure this out! 13. I simply adore you! 14. I just won the lottery! 15. I didn’t see you come in! 16. It is so clever of you! 17. What a car! 18. Don’t be noisy! 19. Happy birthday to you! 20. She’s won! 21. Look! What a hat! 22. Here they are!

Задание 5. Какие эмоции выражают междометия? Употребите данные междометия с предложениями из задания 4.

• Wow!

• Brilliant!

• Awesome!

• Ouch!

• Amazing!

• Bravo!

• Fantastic!

• Tremendous!

• Hooray!

• Gosh!

• Jeepers!

• Magnificent!

• Unbelievable!

• Hush!

Задание 6. Начните или закончите мини-диалоги данными фразами. Работайте в парах.

1. - What a nice day today! 2. – We are late! 3. -You look wonderful today! 4. – Don’t break it! 5. – Hurry up! 6. – Happy birthday! 7. – I look forward to seeing you! 8. – Nice to meet you! 9. – Be careful! 10. – Oh, my God! You stained your dress! 11. – Are you ready or not! 12. – Don’t do it!

Задание 7. Перепишите предложения, используя двойные союзы. Сделайте необходимые изменения. Не ставьте знаки пунктуации! /

Rewrite the sentences using the paired conjunctions given in brackets.

Пример: Tom doesn’t lie to his friends. Paul doesn’t either. Neither Tom nor Paul lie to their friends.

1.Fred likes to help his friends .So does Linda. ( both… and) 2. Harry used to date Ann. Or was it Helen? (either… or) 3.We should learn to accept our weaknesses and our strengths. (not only… but also) 4. He never listens to or advises his friends when they have a problem. (neither…nor) 5. He felt disappointed. He felt misunderstood. (both… and). 6. Brian isn’t very considerate. Neither is Tom. (neither… nor). 7. A true friend is someone who is caring and loving. ( both… and) 8. Rachel should apologize or leave.(either… or) 9. Richard and John didn’t keep her secret. (neither … nor)

Задание 8.Переведите предложения с отрицанием.

1.I received no letters yesterday. 2. He wants no more cake. 3. No student can answer the question. 4.I have no flowers with me. 4. Nobody can help me. 5. I found no one in the house. 6. None of us could translate it. 7. She knows nothing about it. 8. She never helps anybody. 9. The rumor was hardly true. 10. He is unable to understand the question.

Задание 9. Стр.46 упр.3,4,5.

Колесникова Л.И. Учебные задания по английскому языку для студентов I курса неязыковых факультетов, 2 часть.– Владимир: ВГПУ, 2001, 50с.

Форма текущего контроля успеваемости: грамматический тест, диалоги

Самостоятельная работа, домашнее задание

Н.А.Бонк, Г.А. Котий, Н.А.Лукьянова Учебник английского языка. Часть первая. Книга 1.- 2012.

Стр.89. упр.3. Стр.90. упр.5. Стр.93. упр.10,11. Стр.103. упр.15,16. Стр.104. упр.18. Стр.109 упр.6. Стр.119. упр.7. Стр.119. упр.5. Стр.129 упр. 4. Стр.131 упр. 10. Стр.167 упр. 6 а. Стр.414-415. упр.1,2,3.стр.416. упр.6,7,8 стр.421 упр.23.

ЗАНЯТИЕ 8

Тема: 3.2.Соединенные Штаты Америки

Содержание занятия:

Подготовка к презентациям. Работа с текстами. Лексический тренинг.

Задание 1. Прочитать текст, выписать новые слова в словарь, перевести. Географическое положение США. Location

highlands – mountainous parts of a country

lowlands – low level country

prairie – wide area of level land with grass but no trees, especially in North America

typhoon – violent hurricane of the kind that occurs in the western Pacific

vegetation – plants generally and collectively

wildlife – animal life

I. The United States proper (excluding Alaska and Hawaii) is situated in the central part of the North American continent.it stretches from the Atlantic Ocean in the east to the Pacific Ocean in the west, from Canada in the North to Mexico, the Gulf of Mexico, and the Gulf of California in the south. The USA is an extremely large country in North America. In size, the United states ranks fourth among the nations after Russia, Canada, and China. It possesses many islands in the Pacific Ocean and Puerto Rico and the Virgin Islands in the Atlantic. It has military bases scattered all over the world.

The continental part of the USA consists of four physical geographical parts: two highland and two lowland regions. The highland regions are the Appalachian Mountains in the east, and the Cordillera and the Rocky Mountains in the west. The highest peak in the Appalachian Mountains is 2,037 metres high. The highest peak of the Cordillera in the USA is 4,418 metres high. The Appalachian Mountains are very old. The valleys between them are rich in coal. The Rocky Mountains are considered to be young, high, rough, and irregular in shape.

Between the Rocky Mountains and the Appalachian Mountains there are central lowlands, called the prairie, and the eastern lowlands, called the Mississippi valley.

The five great Lakes, between the USA and Canada, include Lake Superior, Lake Michigan, Lake Huron, Lake Erie, and Lake Ontario. They are all joined together by short rivers or canals, and the St. Lawrence River joins them to the Atlantic Ocean. In the west of the USA there is another lake called the Great Salt Lake.

The main rivers of the USA are the Mississippi, flowing south to the Gulf of Mexico (it is the second largest river in the world after the Nile); The Missouri, flowing into the Mississippi; the Rio Grande, flowing along the boundary between Texas and Mexico into the Gulf of Mexico; the Yukon, flowing north-west and then south-west from Canada through Alaska to the Bering Sea; the Colorado, flowing into the Gulf of California; the Columbia, flowing into the Pacific Ocean, and the St. Lawrence and the Hudson River, flowing into the Atlantic Ocean.

II. In the East the principal trees are spruce, poplar, birch and fir. The Northern Appalachians and the upper great Lakes region are dominated by mixed forests of birth, beech, maple, hemlock, and pine. Much of southern Florida and the lower Mississippi River valley are covered by marsh grasses. In the Western Mountains on the lower slopes are open woodlands. The warm-winter desert areas of Southwest support much cactus. The Pacific Northwest has dense coniferous forests with fir, hemlock, and spruce among the principal trees. Northwestern California has dense stands of giant redwoods (sequoias) along the coast.

Throughout Midwest and in much of Texas the native vegetation has been largely removed to make way for agriculture.

The animal population of the United States was both numerous and prolific in aboriginal times. Since the advent of the white man, with his firearms and with his need of land for agriculture, the animal population has been greatly reduced. Whole species have been exterminated, or preserved in other than the wild state.

The northeastern forests abounded in animals of all kind and sizes. Deer, raccoons, skunks, grey and red squirrels, black bears, rabbits and hares, beavers, minks, and moles were common. Great flocks of birds were present, including migratory wild fowl. Reptiles included turtles, salamanders, and several species of snakes.

In the forests of the Southeast opossums abounded and along the coasts were alligators and sea cows. Crocodiles were present in the extreme south of Florida. Great numbers of large birds, such as the flamingo, the whooping crane, were common in the swamps and marshes. The interior Plains had vast herds of grazing animals, especially bisons (“buffaloes”) and antelopes. The higher mountains of the West were the home of the mountain sheep, mountain goat, grizzly bear, marmot, and rock rabbit.

The deserts have a highly specialized world, equipped to avoid heat and reduce water losses to a minimum, like the sidewinder rattlesnake, which keeps much of its body off the ground to avoid contact with that searing surface.

Historically and geographically the United States of America is divided into 9 regions:

1. New England

2. New York

3. The Mid-Atlantic region

4. The South

5. The Midwest

6. The Southwest

7. The Rocky Mountain region

8. The Pacific Northwest and Alaska

9. California and Hawaii

Задание 2. Обсудите вопросы в группе или с партнером: Discuss the following questions 2-5 in the group or with the partner.

1. Find everything mentioned in the text on the map.

2. Compare the geographical position of the USA to the one of Russia.

3. What do you know about the climate of your country?

4. What trees and animals are most common in different climate zones of Russia?

5. What kind of wild animals are there in your region?

Задание 3. Просмотр видео фильма «Природа США», во время просмотра записать все географические названия. Законспектировать кратко на русском языке, что узнали и увидели.

Задание 4. Прочитать текст The American People и выпишите новые слова в словарь, переведите текст.

The Native Americans. The first people on the American continent came from Asia. They came across the Bering Strait from Siberia to Alaska at various times when the sea level dropped. The first migration might have been as early as 40,000 years ago. Once in America, these people migrated east across North America and south through central and South America. When Columbus arrived in the fifteenth century, there were perhaps 10 million people in North America alone. They had developed many different kinds of societies. These were the peoples that Columbus called “Indians”, in the mistaken belief that he had reached the East Indies. The story of the westward growth of the United States was also the story of the destruction of the Native Americans, or Indians. Today there are about 1.5 million Indians in the United States. Western states have the largest Indian populations. About one-third of the Native Americans live on reservations, land that was set aside for them. Most of the others live in cities. Poverty and unemployment are major problems, especially on the reservations.

The British. Beginning in the 1600s, the British settled the eastern part of North America. By the time of the American Revolution (1776), the culture of the American colonists (their religion, language, government, etc.) was thoroughly British – with an American “twist”. In a sense, then, the British culture was a foundation on which America was built. Also, over the years, many immigrants to the United States have come from the United Kingdom and Ireland.

African-American. From 1620 to 1820 the largest group of people had come to the United States not as willing immigrants, but against their will. These people were West Africans brought to work as slaves, especially on the plantations, or large farms of the South. In all, about 8 million people were brought from Africa. The Civil War in the 1860s ended slavery and established equal rights for black Americans. But many states, especially in the South, passed laws segregating (separating) and discriminating against black Americans. The civil rights movement, in the 1950s and 1960s, helped get rid of these laws. However, the effects of 200 years of slavery, 100 years of segregation, and continued prejudice are not as easy to get rid of. Today about 12 percent of America’s population is black. Many black Americans live in the South and in the cities of the Northeast and Midwest.

Immigrants from Northern and Western Europe. Since 1820s, the number of immigrants coming to the United States begins to increase rapidly. Faced with problems in Europe – poverty, war, discrimination – immigrants hoped for, and often found, better opportunities in the United States.

During these years most immigrants were from northwestern Europe – from Germany, the United Kingdom, Ireland, Sweden, and Norway. The United States was expanding into what is now Midwest. There was a lot of land available for farming. Many new immigrants became farmers in the Midwest. To this day, German and Scandinavian influence is obvious in Midwestern foods and festivals.

Immigrants from Southern and Eastern Europe. Although immigration from Northwestern Europe continued, from the 1870s to the 1930s even more people came from the countries of southern and eastern Europe – for example, Italy Greece, Poland, and Russia. Like the earlier immigrants, they came to escape poverty and discrimination. During this period, the United States was changing from a mainly agricultural to a mainly industrial country. The new immigrants helped make this change possible. Many settled in cities and worked in factories, often under conditions that were quite bad. In the 1920s discrimination and prejudice in the US led to laws limiting immigration; immigration slowed down until the 1960s, when these laws were changed.

Hispanic-Americans. Hispanics are people of Spanish or Spanish-American origin. Some Hispanics lived in areas that later became part of the US. Hispanics come from many different countries. Three especially large groups are Mexican-Americans, Puerto Ricans, and Cuban-Americans. While the groups have much in common (especially the Spanish language), there are also many differences. The groups are also concentrated in different areas.

Asian-Americans. In the nineteenth century laws limited Asian immigration. Also, Asians in the US, such as the Chinese and Japanese, met with widespread discrimination. Since the mid-1960s, with changes in immigration laws and with conflicts in Southeast Asia, Asians have been a major immigrant group.

Задание 5: Обсудите проблему в малых группах: Discuss the following problem in the small groups.

1. Over the years, did many people immigrate to your country? Are there many immigrants today? Where are the immigrants from? Why did they leave their countries? Does migration of people from East cause any problem? Express your opinion.

Форма текущего контроля успеваемости: чтение текстов, монологические высказывания, просмотр видео фильма «Природа США», написание краткого изложения, оценка

Самостоятельная работа, домашнее задание:

Написать на английском языке краткое изложение просмотренного фильма.

Начать интернет поиск, подбор информации по определенной теме.

ЗАНЯТИЕ 9

Тема: 3.2.Соединенные Штаты Америки

Содержание занятия:

Задание 1. Прочитайте текст The Political System, выписать новые слова, запомнить их, перевести текст.

The United States is an indirect democracy– that is, the people rule through representatives they elect. Over time, the vote has been given to more and more people.

The US Constitution, written in 1787, established the country’s political system and is the basis for its laws. In 200 years, the US has experienced enormous growth and change. Yet, the Constitution works as well today as when it was written. One reason is that the Constitution can be amended, or changed. For example, the 50^th Amendment gave black Americans the right to vote and the 19^th Amendment gave women the right to vote. Another reason is that the Constitution is flexible: its basic principles can be applied and interpreted differently at different times.

Federalism. The US has a federalist system. This means that there are individual states, each with its own government, and there is a federal, or national, government. The Constitution gives certain powers to the federal government, other powers to both. For example, only the national government can print money; the states establish their own school systems, and both the national and the state governments can collect taxes.

Three Branches of Government.

Within the national government, power is divided among three branches: the legislative, executive, and judicial branches. The legislative branch consists of Congress, which has two parts – the House of Representatives and the Senate. Congress’s main function is to make laws. There are 100 senators (two from each state) and 435 representatives (the number from each state depends on the size of the state’s population). The President is the head of the executive branch and the country. In addition to the President, the Vice-President, and their staffs, the executive branch consists of departments and agencies.

The judicial branch interprets the law and makes sure that new laws are in keeping with the Constitution. There are several levels of federal courts. The Supreme Court is the most important. It has nine members who are appointed for life. Congress makes the laws, but the president can veto, or reject, a law and the Supreme Court can decide a law is unconstitutional.

Two-Party System. The US has two main political parties – the Democratic and Republican parties. Many other smaller parties play little if any role. Voters elect the president, as well as senators, representatives, governors. A voter can choose candidates from different parties, so the President does not have to be from the party that has a majority in Congress. In recent years, in fact, voters have tended to choose Republican presidents and Democratic congress people. There are no clear differences between the Republicans and Democratic parties. In general, the Republicans tend to be more conservative and to have more support among the upper classes, while the Democrats tend to be more liberal and to have more support among the working classes and the poor.

Задание 2: Обсудите проблемы в малых группах.

Discuss:

1. How many main political parties does your country have? Are there clear differences between the parties?

2. What are some of the bad effects of a low voter turnout? What can be done to increase voter turnout? In your country is voter turnout high or low?

Задание 3: Прочитайте текст Religion and Family и переведите его.

Separation of Church and State. A basic American principal is separation of church and state. The US Constitution says that people have the right to worship as they choose and that no religion can be made the official religion. In keeping with this principle, government money cannot be used to support church activities and prayers may not be said in public schools.(The US Congress, however, opens each year with a prayer). Studies show that about 9 in 10 Americans identify with a religion and that about 6 in 10 belong to a church. About 94 percent of Americans who identify with a religion are Christians. Among Christians there are more Protestants than Catholics. However, there are many different Protestants denominations, or groups. For example, Protestants include, among others, Baptists, Methodists, and Lutherans, and each of these groups is divided into smaller groups. So, Catholics, although outnumbered by Protestants, are the single largest religious group. Jews are the largest non-Christian group, with about 4 % of the population. About 2% of the population is Moslem, and smaller numbers are Buddhists and Hindus. Native Americans preserve their tribal religion.

The Family. The American family has changed greatly in the last 20 years. Young people are waiting longer before getting married. Women are also waiting longer to have children. It’s not unusual today for a woman to have her first child in her mid-thirties. The typical family used to have three children. Today most families have one or two children. In the traditional family, the wife stayed home with the children while the husband earned money. Now 60 percent of all married women work outside the home. So a majority of couples have two wage-earners. One reason for this change is that women want and expect to have careers. Another reason is economics. With rising prices, many families cannot survive on one person’s salary.

The US has a high divorce rate: approximately 1 in every 2 marriages ends in divorce. One result of this high divorce rate is that many American children live in single-parent families. Poverty among children in homes headed by single mother has become a serious problem in the US. Often people who are divorced get married again. This has led to a new kind of family – the “reconstituted family”, in which there are children from previous marriages as well as from the present marriage.

Задание 4. Discuss the points:

1. Are families in your country changing? If so, are the changes similar to the changes in the US?

2. What do you think the perfect family is like? For example, how many children should there be? Should both parents work? Should the grandparents live with the family?

Форма текущего контроля успеваемости: проверка полит- докладов

Самостоятельная работа, домашнее задание:

Подготовить мини доклады о текущих политических событиях в США . Использовать Интернет –ресурс.

ЗАНЯТИЕ 10

Тема: 1.6 Безличные предложения.

Содержание занятия:

Безличные предложения. (конспект)

Английское предложение по своей структуре отличается от русского тем, что в нем всегда есть подлежащее и сказуемое (точнее, должны быть). Поэтому в безличных предложениях, когда нет подлежащего с конкретным предметным значением, в качестве формального грамматического подлежащего используется местоимение it:

It	is dark.	Темно.
(подлежащее)	(сказуемое)

Безличные предложения делятся на именные и глагольные.

Именные безличные предложения строятся по схеме:

IT (не переводится на русский язык)	TO BE (глагол-связка в соответствующем времени)	ИМЕННАЯ ЧАСТЬ СКАЗУЕМОГО (прилагательное, существительное или числительное)
It	was	9 o'clock when we got home.
Было 9 часов, когда мы пришли домой.

При образовании вопросительной формы глагол-связка выходит на первое место:

Is it winter now in that part of the country? Сейчас в этой части страны зима?

В отрицательных именных безличных предложениях частица not ставится после первого вспомогательного глагола:

It won't be cold in September, I hope. Надеюсь, в сентябре не будет холодно.

Глагольные безличные предложения строятся по следующей схеме:

IT	ПРОСТОЕ ГЛАГОЛЬНОЕ СКАЗУЕМОЕ, выраженное безличным глаголом типа to rain идти (о дожде), to snow идти (о снеге)
It	often rains in autumn.
Осенью часто идет дождь.

В русском языке нет глаголов, соответствующих глаголам to rain и to snow (дословно они имели бы вид: дождить, снежить), но в русском языке тоже существует категория безличных глаголов: темнеть, светать и т. д., которые используются для образования безличных предложений. При этом, как и в английском языке, глагол ставится в 3-м лице единственного числа: темнеет, светает:

It is getting dark. Темнеет.

Вопросительная и отрицательная формы глагольных безличных предложений образуются по тем же правилам, что и у предложений с обычным глагольным сказуемым:

Does it often rain in autumn? Осенью часто идет дождь?

Is it raining now? Сейчас идет дождь?

It didn't snow much last winter. Прошлой зимой не часто шел снег.

It won't be raining tomorrow. Завтра не будет дождя.

Местоимение it употребляется в качестве формального подлежащего в следующих безличных предложениях:

При сообщениях о явлениях природы:

It is winter. It is cold.

Зима. Холодно.

It is getting dark. It was a warm spring day.

Становится темно. Был теплый весенний день.

При глаголах, обозначающих состояние погоды: to rain, to snow, to freeze и т. д.:

It was freezing. It has been raining since 3 o’clock. It often snows in February.

Морозило. Дождь идет с 3 часов. В феврале часто идет снег.

При обозначениях времени и расстояния:

It is early morning. It is 5 o’clock. It is noon. It is one kilometer from our house to the river. It is not far to the railway station.

Раннее утро. 5 часов. Полдень. От нашего дома до реки один километр. До вокзала недалеко.

Местоимение it в функции формального подлежащего употребляется с некоторыми глаголами в страдательном залоге. Такие страдательные обороты соответствуют в русском языке неопределенно-личным оборотам:

It is said... It is believed... It is expected...

Говорят... Полагают... Ожидают...

Местоимение it в функции формального подлежащего употребляется также и при наличии подлежащего предложения, выраженного инфинитивом, герундием или придаточным предложением и стоящего после сказуемого:

It was difficult to find a suitable steamer. It’s no use telling him about it. It was clear that he would not come.

Было трудно найти подходящий пароход. Бесполезно говорить ему об этом. Было ясно, что он не придет.

В неопределенно-личных предложениях формальное подлежащее может быть выражено местоимениями one, they, you.

Местоимение one употребляется в качестве неопределенно-личного подлежащего для обозначения неопределенного лица, когда действующее лицо мыслится неопределенно или обобщенно в значении каждый, всякий человек, люди (включая говорящего). Предложения с подлежащим one соответствуют русским неопределенно-личным предложениям:

One never knows what his answer may be.

Никогда не знаешь, что он ответит.

One в сочетании с модальными глаголами must, should переводится на русский язык "нужно, следует", с глаголом can — "можно":

One must observe these rules. One can do it easily.

Нужно соблюдать эти правила. Это можно легко сделать.

One может употребляться в форме притяжательного падежа и в этом случае переводится свой, своя, свое, свои:

One must keep one’s promise.

Нужно выполнять свои обещания.

В словарях местоимение one в форме притяжательного падежа обычно указывает на то, что в конкретном предложении вместо one нужно употребить соответствующее притяжательное местоимение:

to lose one’s work Mr. Hutt lost his work.

потерять работу; Мистер Хатт потерял (свою) работу.

Предложение с неопределенным подлежащим one или they переводится на русский язык безличным или неопределенно-личным предложением.

Часто в неопределенно-личных предложениях используется местоимение they, особенно в сочетании they say, соответствующем русскому "говорят":

They say he is ill. They say the wheat crop will be fine this year.

Говорят, он болен. Говорят, что в этом году будет прекрасный урожай пше­ницы.

Местоимение you используется реже.

Электронный ресурс, режим доступа: www. study-english.info

Грамматический тренинг.

Задание 1. Переведите безличные предложения и найдите одно из них, поясняющее предложение: Mother always takes care of her children

• It’s impossible

• It’s a pity

• It’s surprising

• It’s very strange

• It’s natural

• It’s not true

• It’s no importance

Задание 2. Составьте вопросы к следующим безличным предложениям:

1. It’s time to work again.

2. It’s a good time for swimming in this region.

3. It’s really pleasant morning today.

4. It’s expensive to buy vegetables at this market.

5. It’s a walking distance to Pushkin street.

6. It’s getting dark at 5.

7. It’s necessary to go right now.

8. It’s really some good news.

Задание 3.Продолжите безличные предложения и запишите их перевод.

Пример: It is useless to: - It is useless to learn rules without examples – бесполезно учить правила без примеров.

1. It’s difficult for him to …

2. It’s not interesting to…

3. It’s important to…

4. It’s wonderful to …

5. It’s not serious to…

6. It’s impossible to …

7. It’s exciting to …

8. It’s not easy for me to …

Задание 4.Перепишите следующие безличные предложения в будущем времени:

А) в утвердительной форме

Пример: It is dark at 6 p.m. Will it be dark at 6 p.m.?

1. It’s too cold to go skating.

2. It’s impolite to trouble him

3. It’s late to call him

4. It’s necessary to pull up the weeds

B) в отрицательной форме

Пример: It’s not polite to call him late. – Will it be polite to call him late?

1. It’s not difficult to do it yourself.

2. It’s not dangerous to stay here.

3. It’s not a great mistake to act in that way.

4. It’s not good to come late.

Задание 5. Выразите согласие по образцу. Пример: - It’s hot today. – Yes, it is.

1. It’s cold in the garden. 2. It’s late. 3. It’s light in the hall. 4. It’s five o’clock. 5. It’s dark in the park. 6. It’s warm inside.7. It’s pleasant to go out in such weather.

Упражнение 6. Переведите предложения на английский язык.

1. Холодно. 2. Зима. 3.Посмотри! Идет сильный снег! 4. Этой зимой часто идет снег, а прошлой зимой дождь шел чаще, чем снег.5. приятно гулять, когда погода хорошая и нет ветра. 6. Погода становится теплее. 7.Сегодня 15 градусов ниже нуля. Завтра будет теплее. 8. В плохую погоду люди предпочитают оставаться дома. 9. Говорят, завтра будет дождь. 10. Когда в Москве 8 часов утра, в Нью-Йорке – полночь.

Задание 7. Переведите предложения на русский язык.

1. One should always put down one’s home-work. 2. The magazines you gave me last week are much more interesting than those ones. 3. One can read this article without any dictionary. 4. One must be diligent when studying a foreign language. 5. One knows very well a familiar saying – “East or West –home is best”. 6. One must always keep one’s word.

[Электронный режим доступа] www.english-grammar.com

Самостоятельная работа:

1.Задания: Бонк Н.А., Котий Г.А., Лукьянова Н.А. Учебник английского языка. В 2-х частях. Ч.I.– М.:ГИС, 2012.–640 с.

Тема «Безличные предложения» Стр.235 теория. Стр.240 упр.7,8,9 Стр.241 упр.14, Стр.243 упр.15, Стр.244 упр.23, Стр.253 упр.11.

2.Колесникова Л.И. Учебные задания по английскому языку для студентов I курса неязыковых факультетов, 2 часть.– Владимир: ВГПУ, 2001, 50с.

Стр.21теория, стр.24 упр.2,4, стр.25 упр.6

ЗАНЯТИЕ 11

Тема:2.6. Традиции и обычаи

Содержание занятия:

Задание 1.Прочитайте текст Peculiar traditions in Russia

Vocabulary:

to preserve - сохранять (зд. чтить)

pagan - языческий

omen - предзнаменование

to pass on - переходить от..., передавать

resurrection - воскрешение

mercy - милосердие, милость

mother-in-law chatting - "тещины посиделки"

Russia is indeed a unique country, which, along with highly developed modern culture carefully preserves the national traditions deeply rooted not only in the Orthodox religion but also in paganism. The Russians still celebrate pagan holidays, many people believe in numerous omens and legends.

Christianity gave Russians such great holidays as Easter and Christmas, and Paganism – Maslenitsa

(Shrovetide) and Ivan Kupala. Old traditions are passed on from generation to generation.

Easter is the day of the resurrection of Christ. The holiday came to Russia from Byzantium together

with Russia’s christening in the end of the 10th century. Since then, this Christian holiday has been

widely celebrated all over Russia.

Christmas is the holiday of the birth of Jesus Christ, the Savior of the world, whose advent gave

people hope for mercy, kindness, truth and eternal life. The Orthodox Church observes Christmas according to the Julian Calendar, on January 7, while Western churches celebrate it on December 25, in accordance with the Gregorian Calendar.

Maslenitsa is an Old Russian Tradition.

In the old days Maslenitsa was for remembrance of the dead. So the burning of the figure of Maslenitsa means her funeral, and blini (pancakes) – coliphia. But with time the Russians longing for fun and entertainment turned the sad holiday into jolly Maslenitsa with blini - round, yellow and hot as the sun, sledding and horse sleigh riding, fistfights and mother-in-law chatting. The rituals of Maslenitsa are very unusual and interesting because they combine the end of the winter holiday rituals and the opening of new spring festivals and ceremonies, which were to promote a rich harvest.

Among the Russian traditions, the wedding has always been a kind of performance with a kind share of improvisation that is why it could be different eve in two neighboring towns. Yet, despite these differences, there was a certain order of wedding ceremony that repeated from village to village, from town to town.

Задание 2.Ответьте на вопросы:

1. What traditions are preserved in Russia?

2. Where did the tradition of celebrating Easter come from?

3. When is Christmas celebrated in Russia?

4. What rituals is Maslenitsa devoted to?

5. Why is the wedding a kind of performance?

Задание 3. Стр. 47-48 упр.1-6

Колесникова Л.И. Учебные задания по английскому языку для студентов I курса неязыковых факультетов, 2 часть.– Владимир: ВГПУ, 2001, 50с.

Самостоятельная работа, задание:

Колесникова Л.И. Учебные задания по английскому языку для студентов I курса неязыковых факультетов, 2 часть.– Владимир: ВГПУ, 2001, 50с.

Стр.48 упр.6-7. Составить монологическое высказывание по теме.

ЗАНЯТИЕ 12

Тема: 1.6 Виды вопросительных предложений (конспект)

Содержание занятия:

Виды вопросительных предложений (конспект)

ВОПРОСИТЕЛЬНЫЕ ПРЕДЛОЖЕНИЯ В ЗАВИСИМОСТИ ОТ ТИПА ВОПРОСА
№  п/п	ТИП ВОПРОСА	ПРАВИЛО	ПРИМЕР
1	ОБЩИЙ	Общими вопросами называют такие, на которые можно ответить да или нет. Они начинаются с глагола, стоящего в вопросительной форме	Do you know him? Вы знаете его? Is this bag clean? Эта сумка чистая?
2	СПЕЦИАЛЬНЫЙ	Специальные вопросы имеют целью выяснение какого-либо факта или обстоятельства. Они относятся не ко всему предложению, а к одному из его членов. Начинаются они с вопросительного слова. Глагол стоит в вопросительной форме только в том случае, если вопросительное слово не является подлежащим или определением подлежащего	Where is he?  Где он? Where do you study? Где ты учишься? Who knows this? Кто это знает? What do you know? Что вы знаете?
3	АЛЬТЕРНАТИВНЫЙ	Альтернативные вопросы предполагают в ответе выбор между двумя или более предметами, действиями или качествами, выраженными однородными членами предложения, соединенными союзом or или	Do you study at the University or at college? Вы учитесь в университете или в колледже?
4	РАЗДЕЛИТЕЛЬНЫЙ	Разделительные вопросы состоят как бы из двух частей: первая часть представляет собой повествовательное предложение (утвердительное или отрицательное), а вторая — краткий общий вопрос, состоящий из вспомогательного (или модального) глагола в требуемой форме и личного местоимения в именительном падеже. При этом если первая часть вопроса утвердительная, то вспомогательный (модальный) глагол употребляется в отрицательной форме, если же первая часть отрицательная, то вспомогательный (модальный) глагол употребляется в утвердительной форме	You bought the tickets, didn’t you? Вы купили билеты, не так ли? You had a good time in the country last week, didn’t you? Вы хорошо провели время за городом на прошлой неделе, не правда ли? He hasn’t come back from Moscow yet, has he? Он ведь еще не вернулся из Москвы?

ВОПРОСИТЕЛЬНО-ОТРИЦАТЕЛЬНЫЕ ПРЕДЛОЖЕНИЯ
№  п/п	ПРАВИЛО	ПРИМЕР
1	Отрицательная форма специальных вопросов образуется при помощи отрицательной частицы not, которая в разговорной речи часто сливается с вспомогательным глаголом, стоящим перед подлежащим	Why didn’t you know your lesson? Почему вы не готовы к уроку? Why isn’t he coming to see us? Почему он не придет к нам?
2	Отрицательная форма общего вопроса в английском языке придает ему некоторый оттенок удивления. Такие предложения переводятся на русский язык как вопросы, начинающиеся со слов разве, неужели	Didn’t you know about the meeting? Неужели вы не знали о собрании? Didn’t you go to the library yesterday? Разве вы не были в библиотеке вчера?

[Электронный режим доступа]: www. study-english.info

Задание 1. Ответьте на вопросы. Определите тип вопроса.

1. Is the sky cloudy or clear today? 2. It is snowing hard? 3. Is it frosty today? 4. Is it warm or cold today? 5. What is the temperature of air today? 6. Is it pleasant to go out in such weather? 7. You prefer to stay indoors in bad weather, don’t you? 8. Being a child you were fond of throwing snowballs, weren’t you? 9. Did your father or you make a snow man? 10. What kind of weather do you prefer?

Задание 2.Постройте общие вопросы и дайте краткие утвердительные ответы.

Пример: Tom is a driver.

Is Tom a driver? – Yes, he is.

a.The teacher was busy yesterday.

b.The child is ill today.

c.It will be hot tomorrow.

d.Our friends are in France.

e.The cake will be nice.

Задание 3.Постройте общие вопросы и дайте краткие отрицательные ответы.

Пример: Ann is a teacher.

Is Ann a teacher? – No, she is not. / No, she isn't.

a.The boy is five.

b.The girls are lazy.

c.My friends were right.

d.The song was sad.

e.The party will be nice.

f.The films will be bad.

Задание 4.Задайте вопросы к следующим предложениям.

1.The boys are interested in sports. (Спросите, кто интересуется спортом.)

2.Nick's sisters will be in Paris tomorrow. (Спросите, будут ли сестры Ника в Париже или в Лондоне завтра.) 3.Henry's brother is 20. (Задайте вопрос с целью подтверждения информации, что брату Генри 20 лет.) 4.Anna's favourite colour is white. (Спросите, любимый цвет Анны белый или красный.) 5.Mary was afraid of mice. (Спросите, чего боялась Мэри.) 6.His books are on the shelf. (Спросите, где находятся его книги.) 7.Kate is twenty years old. (Спросите, сколько лет Кейт.)

Задание 5.Заполните пропуски соответствующей формой глагола to be.

1.– Where … you from? – I … from Tomsk.

2.– Why … you so happy today? – Because I … at the concert of my favourite pop group tomorrow.

3.– Where … my favourite music CDs? Can you see them? – One disc … on the table and three discs …on the bookshelf.

4.– This … your new mobile phone, … it? – Yes, it … . – … your phone number new or old? – It … old.

5.– What colour … your new coat? – It … green and brown.

6.– What … your favourite colours? – My favourite colour … grey.

7. Yesterday it … cold. Today it … warm. Tomorrow it … cold again, … it?

Задание 6.Образуйте разделительный вопрос.

Пример:She has already come. —She has already come, hasn’t she?

1. They will return in a month. 2. Let’s buy a loaf of bread. 3. Open the window. 4. I am late. 5.There is a theatre in the centre of the city. 6. She has never been to the Zoo. 7. I am right. 8. Don’t go there. 9. Peter and Ann know English well. 10. He didn’t do his homework. 11. Let’s go to the country. 12. There were no mistakes in his dictation 13 She won’t be playing the piano at 6 o’clock.14. They can’t speak German at all. 15 She knows him.

Задание 7.Найдите и исправьте ошибки.

1. Don’t forget to bring the book, will you? 2. There aren’t any apples left, are they? 3. He is sure to come, doesn’t he? 4. Let’s come a bit earlier to have better seats, don’t we? 5. It Isn’t raining now, is it? 6. You and I talked to him last week, didn’t you? 7. He won’t be leaving tomorrow, will he? 8. She has never been afraid of anything, hasn’t she? 9. They have got two children, do they?10. The boys don’t have classes today, do they? 11.1 am to blame, aren’t I? 12. We like to swim in the swimming pool, do we? 13. Nobody has come yet, haven’t they? 14. Please turn off the light, don’t you? 15. He has never comeback, hasn’t he?

Задание 8.Образуйте специальные вопросы из предложенных слов.

1. time, his, always, who, in, is, lessons, for? 2. what, her, going, about, he, a week, is, to, in, write, to? 3. about, did, speak, last, in, what, week, class, you? 4. this, you, read, how, month, books, have, many? 5. people, the, to, at, prefer, sometimes, do, study, why, library? 6. many, France, he, been, how, to, times, has? 7. kind, brave, we, of, call, people, what, do? 8. draws, which, them, well, of? 9. today, have, the, what, radio, heard, on, news, you? 10. USA, states, in, there, the, in, many, are, how?

Задание 9.Переведите вопросы на английский язык и ответьте на них.

1. Как вас зовут? 2. Сколько вам лет? 3. Вы замужем (женаты)? 4. Вы женаты или холосты? 5. Откуда вы? 6. Какой ваш адрес? 7. Какой номер вашего мобильного телефона? 8. Вы студент, не правда ли? 9. Вы студент первого или второго курса? 10. Какие ваши любимые предметы? 11. В каких предметах вы хорошо разбираетесь (to be good at)? 12. Вам нравится английский язык, не правда ли (to be fond of)? 13. Какие у вас хобби? 14. Вы любите спорт? 15. Вам нравятся виды спорта, которыми занимаются на открытом воздухе (outdoor sports) или в помещении (indoor sports)? 16. Какие ваши любимые виды спорта? 17. Какие ваши любимые книги? 18. Вам нравится классическая или популярная музыка? 19. Кто ваш любимый певец? 20. Кто ваши любимые актеры? 21. Вам нравится лето или зима? 22. Какое ваше любимое время года? 23. Почему лето ваше любимое время года? 24. Вы не боитесь мышей, не так ли?

Задание 10. Ответьте на вопросы. Определите виды вопросов. Работайте в парах.

1. Do you like winter?

2. What do you usually do in cold weather?

3. Were you fond of throwing snowballs when you were a teenager?

4. Did you make a snow man or your father?

5. What kind of weather in winter do you prefer?

6. Are you fond of skating? Skiing?

7. What is the usual temperature in winter in Moscow?

8. In England winter is not so cold as in Russia, is it?

Задание 11. Используя предложения из упр.6,7 составьте мини диалоги. Разыграйте их в парах.

Самостоятельная работа:

1. Бонк Н.А., Котий Г.А., Лукьянова Н.А. Учебник английского языка. В 2-х частях. Ч.I.– М.:ГИС, 2012.–640 с.

Стр.278 упр.2,3, Стр.281 упр.10,11, Стр.282 упр.15. Стр.290 упр.2-5, Стр.292 упр.10,11. Стр.295 упр.21,22. Стр.296 упр.26. Стр.297 упр.27. Разделительные вопросы: Ч.II. Стр.415 упр.4,5

2.Колесникова Л.И. Учебные задания по английскому языку для студентов I курса неязыковых факультетов, 2 часть.– Владимир: ВГПУ, 2001, 50с.

Стр.21-23 теория, стр.24 упр. 4, 5

ЗАНЯТИЕ 13

Тема:2.6. Традиции и обычаи

Содержание занятия:

Задание 1.Прочитайте текст English customs and traditions . Ответьте на вопросы.

Vocabulary :

haughty – высокомерный

customs – обычаи

stay-at-homes– домосед

substantial – значительный, важный

The English are reputed to be cold, reserved, rather haughty people. They are steady, easy-going

and fond of sports. There are certain kinds of behavior, manners and customs which are peculiar to

England.

The English are naturally polite and are never tired of saying "Thank you" and "I am sorry". They are

generally disciplined; you never hear loud talk in the street. They don't rush for seats in buses and

trains, but they take their seats in queues at bus stops. English people do not shake hands when

meeting one another; they do not show their emotions even in tragic situations. They seem to remain

good-tempered and cheerful under difficulties.

The English are a nation of stay-at-homes. There is no place like home. The Englishman says "My

house is my castle" because he doesn't wish his doings to be overlooked by his neighbours. It is true

that English people prefer small houses, built for one family. The fire is the focus of the English

Home. The fireplace is the natural centre of interest in the room. They like to sit round the fire and

watch the dancing flames, exchanging the day's experience.

Britain is a nation of animal lovers. They have about five million dogs, almost as many cats, 3 million

parrots and other cage birds, aquarium fish - and 1 million exotic pets such as reptiles. In Britain they

have special dog shops selling food, clothes and other things for dogs. There are dog hair-dressing

saloons and dog cemeteries. In Britain pets can send Christmas cards to their friends, birthday cards.

There are some traditions concerning food. English cooking is heavy, substantial and plain. The

Englishman likes a good breakfast. To him a good breakfast means porridge with, fish, bacon and

ggs, toast and marmalade, tea or coffee.

Tea is part of the prose of British life, as necessary as potatoes and bread. Seven cups of it wake you

up in the morning, 9 cups will put you to sleep at night.

From 4 to 6 there is a very light meal called 5 o'clock tea. It is a snack of thin bread and butter and cup

of tea with small cakes. This became a kind ritual. At this time everything stops for tea.

English are proud of their traditions and carefully keep them up.

Задание 2.Ответьте на вопросы. Questions:

1. What are peculiar features of the English?

2. Why are the English a nation of stay-at-homes?

3. Where does the English family prefer to live?

4. Why do the English like to sit round the fire?

5. Do the English show great love for animals?

6. What is an Englishman’s idea of a good breakfast?

7. When do the English have the third meal of the day?

8. Why are the English proud of their traditions and carefully keep them up?

Задание 3.Прочтите текст Holidays and tradition in Russia and English-speaking countries

Vocabulary list:

to attend a church service - посещать церковную службу

a gift = a present

huge = big

to crowd = to be full of people

to hold (held, held) - проводить

a neighbour - сосед

a doggerel - плохие стихи

Pancake day - Вторник на масленой неделе - Последний день Масленицы, когда по традиции пекут блинчики

Pilgrim Fathers - Отцы основатели

harvest - урожай

Every nation and every country has its own customs and traditions. But there are also international holidays which are celebrated in all countries. They are: Christmas, New Year, Easter and St. Valentine's Day.

Christmas comes but once a year. Christmas is a traditional family day. On this day, many people attend a church service, open their presents and eat a Christmas dinner.

In Britain, Christmas is the most important public holiday of the year. It combines the custom of giving gifts with the tradition of spending this day with the family. Every year a huge Christmas tree, the gift of the Norwegian people, graces Trafalgar square.

In Russia Christmas is celebrated on the 7th of January. On this day people celebrate the birthday of Jesus Christ.

New Year is a public holiday but it is not marked with any particular custom in Britain and America, yet it has a joyful celebration in Russia. People stay awake until after midnight on December 31st to watch the Old Year out and the New Year in. Many parties are given on this night. Theatres, night clubs and streets are crowded.

Easter is one of the most important Christian holidays. It is traditionally associated with Easter eggs and with the coming of spring, and most churches are specially decorated with flowers for the service held on Easter Day. There is a popular belief that wearing three new things on Easter will bring good luck.

St. Valentine's Day is not the official holiday in most countries. February 14 is the day of lovers. Boys and girls, sweethearts and lovers, husbands and wives, friends and neighbours, and even the office staff exchange greetings of affection. Valentine's Day is a whirl of hearts, candy and good wishes in the form of bright, lacy, colorful cards, with loving emblems and amorous doggerel, saying: "Be my Valentine".

There are also some special holidays which are usually celebrated in a particular country.

The traditional British holiday is Pancake Day. But people don't only eat pancakes on this day, they run with them. In many towns in England pancake races are held every year.

The most American holiday is Thanksgiving day. It was first celebrated in early colonial times by Pilgrim Fathers after their first good harvest. Thanksgiving is a day when the family eats a large traditional dinner, usually with turkey and pumpkin pie.

In Russia we celebrate Women's day on the 8th of March. On this day men are supposed to do everything about the house and cook all the meals.

Задание 4. Ответьте на вопросы. Questions:

1. What holidays are celebrated in all countries?

2. Why is Christmas the most important public holiday in Britain?

3. Is New Year marked with any particular custom in Britain and America?

4. What does Easter mean?

5. What holiday is considered to be the day of lovers?

6. What is the traditional British holiday?

7. What is the traditional American holiday?

8. What holiday is celebrated on the 8th of March & where?

Самостоятельная работа, задание:

Напишите сочинение на тему «My favorite holiday”

ЗАНЯТИЕ 14.

Тема: 3.2.Соединенные Штаты Америки

Содержание занятия:

Задание 1. Прочитайте текст. Поймите его содержание.

Social Customs in the US. Traditions and habits

All countries have their social customs and peculiarities, and the US is no exception. Good manners, politeness and consideration for others are considered important by most people. Americans are generally informal in their relationships and won’t be too upset if you break the social rules.

Socializing in USA

Both men and women usually smile and shake hands when greeting. Good friends and family members may embrace when they meet, especially after a long absence. In casual situations, a wave may be used instead of a handshake. Americans may greet strangers on the street by saying "Hello" or "Good morning", although they may pass without any greeting. Among young people, verbal greetings or various hand-slapping gestures, such as the "high five", are common. Except in formal situations, people usually address one another by their first names once they are acquainted, and often do so on first meeting. Combining a title (such as "Mrs.", "Dr.", or "Ms.") with a family name shows respect. When greeting someone for the first time, Americans commonly say, "Pleased to meet you" or "How do you do?". A simple "Hello" or "Hi" is also common. There are regional variations such as "Aloha" in Hawaii or "Howdy" in parts of the West. Friends often greet each other with "How are you?" and respond "Fine, thanks". Americans do not usually expect any further answer to the question unless there is a close relationship. Americans do not generally stand very close to each other when conversing, keeping about arm's length apart. However, they may spontaneously touch one another on the arm or shoulder during conversation. It is common for couples to hold hands or show affection in public. When sitting, both men and women are often casual when circumstances allow, and they may prop their feet up on chairs or place the ankle of one leg on the knee of the other. In more formal settings, however, it is often considered inappropriate to slouch* or be too casual in demeanor*. Visiting friends, family, and acquaintances plays a big part of social life in the United States, and people will travel long distances by car, bus, train, or aero plane to do so. People are generally expected to be on time for appointments or when they are invited to someone's home. However, if a guest is late, Americans will rarely take offence if the visitor has called in advance to inform them of the delay. In general, the emphasis during visits is on informality. Guests are expected to feel comfortable, to sit where they like, and to enjoy themselves. It usually does not cause offence if a guest refuses refreshments. Gifts are not expected when visiting, but many guests bring flowers or wine when invited for a meal. Close friends may offer, or be asked, to bring an item of food to serve with the meal. (This article is an extract from Living and Working in America.)

Задание 2. Ответьте на вопросы:

1.What Americans do when greeting each other? 2. Who can embrace when meeting? 3. What gesture instead of handshake is used in casual situation? 4. How do Americans greet a stranger on the street? 5. What gestures are common among young Americans? 6. How do Americans address one another in formal situation? 7. How do friends greet each other? 8. Can an American touch another on the arm or shoulder during conversation? 9. How do couples behave during meeting? 10. How can Americans sit? 11.

Задание 3. Discuss the following:

1. Which of the customs above are true in Russia?

2. “When in Rome, do as the Romans do”. What does the saying mean? Do you agree with it? Why? Why not?

Самостоятельная работа, задание:

Подготовка к презентации выбранной темы.

ЗАНЯТИЕ 15

Тема: 3.2.Соединенные Штаты Америки

Содержание занятия:

Задание 1. Прочитайте текст Sport in the USA, переведите. Составьте вопросы п тексту. Работайте в парах.

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

Sports are an important part of the culture of the United States. The nation's four most popular team sports all developed in North America:

  American football, baseball, basketball and ice hockey. The four Major leagues in the United States are the National Football League (NFL), Major League Baseball (MLB), the National Basketball Association (NBA) and the National Hockey League (NHL); all enjoy massive media exposure and are considered the preeminent competitions in their respective sports in the world.

Three of those leagues have teams that represent Canadian cities, and all four are among the most lucrative sports leagues in the world. Soccer (association football) is less popular as a spectator sport in the United States than it is in many other countries, though it has wide participation in amateur and semi-professional levels, particularly among youths and people of Latin American descent, who constitute people from Mexico all the way down to South America. The top league, Major League Soccer, continues to grow and is starting to approach the level of the NBA and the NHL in terms of attendance, although it lags far behind in average salary and TV interest, and many American soccer fans are still more likely to follow national competitions and European leagues more than Major League Soccer.

Professional teams in all major sports operate as franchises within a league. All major sports leagues use the same type of schedule with a playoff tournament after the regular season ends. In addition to the major league-level organizations, several sports also have professional minor leagues.

Sports are particularly associated with education in the United States, with most high schools and universities having organized sports. College sports competitions play an important role in the American sporting culture. In many cases college athletics are more popular than professional sports, with the major sanctioning body being the NCAA.