Instrumental Case Endings

The instrumental is formed from the nominative singular nouns with the help of the following endings: -ом, -ем, -ой, -ей, -ью (singular); -ами, -ями(plural).

The tables below sum up how the instrumental of nouns is formed.

The instrumental of singular nouns

	Nominative singular	Remove	Add	Instrumental
masculine	брат чай папа	-- й а	ом ем ой	братом чаем папой
neuter	окно море	о е	ом ем	окном морем
feminine	ночь вода	ь а	ью ой	ночью водой

Subjunctive and Imperative Mood

In Russian language, along with verbs of indicative mood there are also verbs of subjunctive and imperative mood.

Verbs of subjunctive mood designate actions which one wants to happen, or just possible ones, under certain circumstances. A sentence containing subjunctive verbs shows that an action has not happen, but it could have happened if certain circumstances took place. Look at an example:

Я бы пошёл в кино, если бы у меня был билет. I would have gone to the movie, if I had had a ticket.

Adding the particle "бы", either near a verb, or at any other place in a sentence, forms the subjunctive mood of a verb.

Remember: The particle "бы" and a verb are always written separately: прыгал бы, нарисовал бы.

The verbs of subjunctive mood change in number:

двигался бы - singular двигались бы - plural

At the same time, singular verbs change in person.

он двигался бы - he would have moved она двигалась бы - she would have moved оно двигалось бы - it would have moved

In other words, the verbs of subjunctive mood are usually predicates and agree with a subject in person and number.

subject     Старик

и сейчас не

predicate    стал бы вырубать кусты.

 

Remember: The verbs in subjunctive mood are always in the past tense.

Subjunctive and Imperative Mood

The verbs of imperative mood designate inducement to an action, order, appeal, advice or wish.

Не ходи туда. Don't go there. Пожалуйста, спойте нам песню. Please, sing us a song.

he verbs of imperative mood change in number (учись - учитесь; читай - читайте)

Adding the suffix -и to the base of a future-tense verb forms the singularimperative verb.

изогнут --> изогни войдут --> войди

Adding the ending -те to the singular imperative verb form forms the pluralimperative verb.

войти --> войдите изогни --> изогните

The imperative mood can also be formed with the help of particles пусть, пускай, да.

Пускай идут побыстрее. Let them go quicker. Пусть он меня отпустит. Let him set me free. Да скажи ты ей где лежит книга. Well, tell her where the book is.

Remember: In the end of imperative verbs, the letter "ь" is to be written after consonants. The "ь" remains even before "-ся" and "-те". For example: назначь, назначьте, готовься, готовьтесь. Exceptions: ляг, лягте, приляг, прилягте.