12.Pluralia Tantum and Singularia Tantum (b.A.Ilyish, o.Jespersen)

With regard to the category of number English nouns fall under two subclasses: countable and uncountable. The latter is again subdivided into those having no plural form and those having no singular. The former type is called Pluralia tantum: clothes, goods, the latter - singularia tantum: milk, water The group of pluralia tantum is mostly composed on nouns which express things as objects consisting of two or more parts, e.g. trousers, scissors. Nouns like clothes, sweets must also be referred to pluralia tantum since they denote collective meaning. The - s, here is lexicalized and developed into an inseparable part of the stem. The suffix here is no longer a grammatical morpheme.

13. Is Morphology necessary? What are the properties of Morphology that set it apart from Syntax?

Linguists, psychologists and teachers are interested in morphology because they expect it to be a good means to find out more about the strategies the speakers use in order to increase their lexical capacity. In some circumstances in their daily life

speakers have to coin new words which they use to express their thoughts. Word formation ex nihilo is merely episodic in language, but the formation of new lexical units using the resources of language, its morphology, is taking place continually. We

try to capture the underlying knowledge which allows native speakers to form new lexical units by using such language devices as derivation and composition. The knowledge of morphology is necessary in order to know the way the human brain works and processes language. It will help to produce new alternatives to learn languages, which are more economical in time and effort than those we are using now and it will permit its application to artificial intelligence.

The difference between syntax and morphology is that syntax deals with the structure of sentences and morphology deals with the structure of words. In any language, rules exist that guide the way that words are put together. These are the rules of syntax. Morphology is the study of how words are formed and understood within a language. Both syntax and morphologyare related to how meaning is produced with language.

Syntax is a concept that governs the structure of sentences. The order in which words are put together has a bearing on the meaning of a sentence as a whole. Syntax rules must be followed in order for a sentence to be grammatically correct and to make sense to speakers of a language. It is what dictates things such as the order of the subject and verb, and howadjectives and adverbs are used.

Morphology is the study of morphemes, which are the smallest unit of meaning in a language. A morpheme can be one whole word or a prefix or suffix that is understood to change the meaning of the word and therefore takes on meaning itself. Morphology includes the concepts of inflection and derivation, which allow words to be made plural or for the tense of a word to be changed. The study of morphology attempts to understand how people use and understand the way that words work, in an attempt to understand the difference that one morpheme makes to many words and how words relate to each other.

Syntax and morphology are both important to the way that people derive meaning from language, but they are different in that syntax refers to the order and use of words, andmorphology refers to the parts of words that create meaning. For example, it is possible to create a sentence that is grammatically correct, but that makes no sense to a speaker of the language. This is possible because syntax only governs the order of a sentence and not what the words in it mean. On the other hand, a combination of words may make sense when used together, but lose their meaning when rearranged in a way that violates the rules of syntax.Syntax and morphology are different but are dependent on each other.

14. The levels which are identified in the language system. Language levels. The grammatical system of the English language, like of other Indo-European languages, is very complicated. It consists of smaller subdivisions, which are called systems too. In grammar they are morphological and syntactic ones.In syntax we discriminate between the systems of simple and composite sentences, etc. Prof. V. V. Plotkin suggests the terms ‘morosystem’ implying the grammatical system of the language as a whole and ’subsystem’ and ‘microsystem’ with reference to minor system.Thus, the systemic character of grammar is beyond doubt. The phonological structure of language is also systemic. The question of the systemic character of vocabulary (word-stock) remains open. But of all lingual aspects grammar is, no doubt, most systemic since it is responsible for the very organization of the informative content of utterance. Units of language. Units of language are divided into meaningless and meaningful. Examples of the first kind: phonemes, syllable Meaningful are morpheme, word and others. The latter are called - language signs. They have both planes: that of content and that of expression. They are signemes.As to the way of expressing lingual units are divided into segmental and supra-segmental. Segmental units consists of phonemes and form phonetic strings of various status (morphemes, syllables). Supra-segmental units do not exist by themselves, they are realized together with segmental units and express different modificational meanings which are reflected on the strings of segmental units. Supra-segmental units are intonation contours, streets, pauses and the like. Segmental units form a hierarchy of levels. The lowest level is phonemic. It is formed by phonemes, which are not language signs, because they are purely differential (distinctive) units.Units of all the higher levels are meaningful. They are language signs (signemes) .

15. The interface of Morphology with other Linguistic modules. Taiwanese abounds with verbal complexes. Among them, phasal complexes, resultative complexes, and directional complexes are alike in that their second component denotes some sort of result. Moreover, they behave similarly in that they can occur in V-ho-V, V-e/be-V, and V-bo-V forms. Despite the similarities, they still differ from one another in several aspects, such as whether objects are allowed inside or after the verbal complex, whether infixing changes their basic meaning, etc. This paper examines their individual properties carefully and proposes that these three types of complexes are all different from one another in their formation and thus the difference in their syntactic behavior. Directional complexes are syntactic phrases, resultative complexes are compounds derived in syntax, and while some phasal complexes are also syntactically derived compounds, others are compounds formed in the lexicon. This paper aims to argue that words (or compounds in this case) can be formed in syntax as well as in the lexicon.