- •Morphology and syntax as parts of grammar. Grammatical units.
- •Paradigmatic and syntagmatic relations of words
- •Main grammatical notions.
- •Method of opposition. Types of oppositional reduction.
- •Structure of words. Types of morphemes.
- •Means of form-building in English.
- •Parts of speech. Principles of classification.
- •H.Sweet’s classification of words into parts of speech.
- •Ch.Frie’s syntactico-distributional classification of words.
- •Notional and functional classes of words.
- •General characteristics of the noun as a part of speech.
- •The number category of the noun.
- •The theory of positional cases.
- •16.The theory of the possessive postposition.
- •17. Semantic subtypes of the genetive case.
- •18.The noun. Gender
- •19.The article. General Characteristics.
- •20. Different approaches to the number and meaning of the article.
- •21. General characteristics of the verb as a part of speech.
- •22. Categories expression time in English.
- •23. The aspect cateory. Different views on the number and kinds of aspects in Enlish.
- •24. The voice category. General characteristics.
- •25. Different views on the number and kinds of voices in English.
- •26. Peculiarities of passive constructions in English.
- •28. Means of expressing modality in English.
- •29. The cateory of mood. The Imperetive mood.
- •30. The Subjunctive mood.
- •31. Verbals. The Infinitive
- •32. The Participle.
- •33. The Gerund.
- •34. General characteristics of the adjective as a part of speech.
- •35. The degree category of the adjective.
- •36. The adverb. General characteristics.
- •37. The degree category of the adverb.
- •38.The Adlink. General characteristics.
- •39. The preposition.
- •40. The conjunction.
- •41. The phrase. General characteristics.
- •42. Principles of classification of phrases and types of relations between its constituents.
- •43. Ways of expressing syntactical relations between components of a phrase.
- •44. The sentence as a main unit of syntax.
- •45. Predicativity. Predication.
- •48. Syntactic categories. Sentence paradigm.
16.The theory of the possessive postposition.
(Prof. Vorontsova) The case category has been destroyed. The –’s is a syntactical element which is similar to prepositions (give up). But a preposition begins the construction while the element –’s closes it. So it can be called post-position.
Strong points:
1)This postpositional element may not be applied to all the nouns, but mostly to nouns denoting living beings. The use of –’s is optional.
2)One and the same element is used both with nouns in sing and pl.(man- man’sl men-men’s) This morpheme is not depended on the meaning of plurality. Number and case are expressed separately.
3)The post-positional element can be applied not only to nouns: yesterday’s lecture.
4)There are instances of Absolute Genitive: chemist-chemist’s.
Weak points: –’s can be added to phrases but there are occasional examples comprise instances where –’s is added to single nouns. The function of these nouns is always as an attribute.
17. Semantic subtypes of the genetive case.
The English genitive expresses a wide range of relational meanings specified in the regular interaction of the semantics of the subordinating and subordinated elements in the genitive phrase. The following basic semantic types of the genitive can be pointed out.
1)The "genitive of possessor" Its meaning will be defined as "inorganic" possession of the genitive referent to the object denoted by the head-noun. E.g.: Christine's living-room; the assistant manager's desk. Cf.: Christine's living-room → the living-room belongs to Christine;
2) the "genitive of integer" Its meaning will be defined as "organic possession’’. E.g.: Jane's busy hands; Patrick's voice; the patient's health; the hotel's lobby. Diagnostic test: ...→ the busy hands as part of Jane's person;
3) the "genitive of agent" . this form renders an activity or some broader processual relation with the referent of the genitive as its subject. E.g.: the great man's arrival; Peter's insistence; the councillor's attitude; Campbell Clark's gaze; the hotel's competitive position.Diagnostic test: ...→ the great man arrives; ...→ Peter insists;
4) the "genitive of patient" expresses the recipient of the action or process denoted by the head-noun. E.g.: the champion's sensational defeat; the meeting's chairman; the Titanic's tragedy.Diagnostic test: ...→ the champion is defeated (i.e. his opponent defeated him);
5) the "genitive of destination" denotes the destination, or function of the referent of the head-noun. E.g.: women's footwear; children's verses; Diagnostic test: ...→ footwear for women; ...→ a tent for fishers, etc.
6) the "genitive of dispensed qualification" it is some characteristic or qualification, not received, but given by the genitive noun to the referent of the head-noun. E.g.: a girl's voice; a book-keeper's statistics; Curtis O'Keefe's kind (of hotels — M.B.).Diagnostic test: ...→ a voice characteristic of a girl;
7) the "genitive of adverbial" denotes adverbial factors relating to the referent of the head-noun, mostly the time and place of the event. E.g.: the evening's newspaper; yesterday's encounter; Moscow's talks.
Diagnostic test: ...→ the newspaper issued in the evening;
8) the "genitive of quantity" denotes the measure or quantity relating to the referent of the head-noun. distance measure, time measure, weight measure. E.g.: three miles' distance; an hour's delay; two months' time; a hundred tons' load.Diagnostic test: ...→ a time lasting for two months;