- •Morphology and syntax as parts of grammar. Grammatical units.
- •Paradigmatic and syntagmatic relations of words
- •Main grammatical notions.
- •Method of opposition. Types of oppositional reduction.
- •Structure of words. Types of morphemes.
- •Means of form-building in English.
- •Parts of speech. Principles of classification.
- •H.Sweet’s classification of words into parts of speech.
- •Ch.Frie’s syntactico-distributional classification of words.
- •Notional and functional classes of words.
- •General characteristics of the noun as a part of speech.
- •The number category of the noun.
- •The theory of positional cases.
- •16.The theory of the possessive postposition.
- •17. Semantic subtypes of the genetive case.
- •18.The noun. Gender
- •19.The article. General Characteristics.
- •20. Different approaches to the number and meaning of the article.
- •21. General characteristics of the verb as a part of speech.
- •22. Categories expression time in English.
- •23. The aspect cateory. Different views on the number and kinds of aspects in Enlish.
- •24. The voice category. General characteristics.
- •25. Different views on the number and kinds of voices in English.
- •26. Peculiarities of passive constructions in English.
- •28. Means of expressing modality in English.
- •29. The cateory of mood. The Imperetive mood.
- •30. The Subjunctive mood.
- •31. Verbals. The Infinitive
- •32. The Participle.
- •33. The Gerund.
- •34. General characteristics of the adjective as a part of speech.
- •35. The degree category of the adjective.
- •36. The adverb. General characteristics.
- •37. The degree category of the adverb.
- •38.The Adlink. General characteristics.
- •39. The preposition.
- •40. The conjunction.
- •41. The phrase. General characteristics.
- •42. Principles of classification of phrases and types of relations between its constituents.
- •43. Ways of expressing syntactical relations between components of a phrase.
- •44. The sentence as a main unit of syntax.
- •45. Predicativity. Predication.
- •48. Syntactic categories. Sentence paradigm.
Structure of words. Types of morphemes.
The smallest meaningful units of grammar are called morphemes. The word is the smallest naming unit. Characteristics: isolatability (a word may become a sentence: Boys! Where? Certainly.), uninterruptibility (a word is not easily interrupted by a parenthetical expression as a sequence of words may be: compare – black – that is bluish-black birds where bluish-black cannot be inserted in the middle of the compound blackbird), a certain looseness in reference to the place in a sequence.
Words are divided into morphemes. the morpheme is the smallest meaningful unit. Morphemes are commonly classified into free (those which can occur as separate words) and bound. According to their meaning and function morphemes are subdivided into lexical (roots), lexico-grammatical (word-building affixes) and grammatical (form-building affixes or inflexions).In grammar we’re concerned with the grammatical or structural meaning of root morphemes. The word-building morphemes show that the word belong to a certain part of speech. Gr. morphemes have no lex.meaning or function.But an infection morpheme can have lexical meaning in some special cases(custom-customs). Gr. meaning can be expressed by the absence of the morpheme, it’s called zero morpheme. 3 types of morphemic distribution:
contrastive( position the same, meaning is different:charming-charmed)
non-contrastive(posit. and mean. the same : learned-learnt)
complementary(posit. are diff.-meaning the same:speaks-teachers)
such morphs are allomorphs.
The function of the morpheme may be performed by a separate word (work- will work). Will is a contradictory unit. Formally it’s a word – function-morpheme. So it’s called a word- morpheme.
Means of form-building in English.
Means of form-building and grammatical forms are divided into synthetic and analytical.
Synthetic forms are built with the help of bound morphemes, analytical forms - semi-bound morphemes (word-morphemes).
Synthetic means of form-building are affixation, sound-interchange (inner - inflexion), suppletivity.
Typical features of English affixation are scarcity and homonymy of affixes. Another characteristic feature is a great number of zero-morphemes.
Though English grammatical affixes are few in number, affixation is a productive means of form -building.
Sound interchange may be of two types: vowel- and consonant-interchange. It is often accompanied by affixation: bring — brought.
Sound interchange is not productive in Modern English. It is used to build the forms of irregular verbs.
Forms of one word may be derived from different roots: go — went, I — me, good — better. This means of form -building is called suppletivity. Suppletivity, like inner-inflexion, is not productive in Modern English. Analytical forms are combinations of the auxiliary element (a word-morpheme) and the notional element: is writing. The verb be expresses the gr.meaning(P.simple, 1 number.3d per)
Analytical forms are phrases in form and word-forms in function. the existence of such forms in adjectives and adverbs is not universally recognized. The question, whether such formations as more vivid, the most vivid, or more vividly and most vividly are or are not analytical forms of degrees of comparison of vivid and vividly, is controversial. Considerations of meaning tend towards recognizing such formations as analytical forms, whereas others lead to the contrary view.