1. Morphology and syntax as parts of grammar. Grammatical units.

Grammar consists of M. and S.

Morphology is the part of grammar which treats of the forms of words. Syntax is the part of grammar which treats of phrases and sentences. These branches are closely interconnected. Ex.: has been found? This is a phrase since it consists of three words and thus it would seem to fall under syntax, but it is also a form of the verb find and thus it would seem to fall under morphology. Morphology deals with the internal structure of words, peculiarities of their grammatical categories and their semantics while traditional syntax deals with the rules governing combinations of words in sentences.

The peculiar difficulty inherent in the treatment of analytical verb forms, such as have done, will go, etc., lies in the fact that they have both a morphological and a syntactical quality. They are morphological facts in so far as they belong to the system of the verb in question, as the auxiliary verb adds nothing whatever to the lexical meaning expressed in the infinitive or participle making part of the analytical form. But the same forms are facts of syntax in so far as they consist of two or three or sometimes four elements, and occasionally some other word, which does not make part of the analytical form, may come in between them. Such words as often, never, such words as perhaps, probably, etc. can come between elements of an analytical verb form: has always come, will probably say, etc. Since it is impossible that a word should be placed within another word, we are bound to admit that the formation has. .. come is something of a syntactical formation.

The word is the main unit of M. Main units of Grammar are a word and a sentence. A word may be divided into morphemes, a sentence may be divided into phrases (word- groups). A morpheme, a word, a phrase and a sentence are units of different levels of language structure. A unit of a higher level consists of one or more units of a lower level.

2. Paradigmatic and syntagmatic relations of words

Main units of Gr.(a word and a sentence) have 2 types of relations. In the language system – paradigmatic, in speech – syntagmatic. In the language system each unit is included into a set of connections based on different properties. Ex.: word forms child, children, child’s, children’s have the same lexical meaning and have different grammatical meanings. They constitute a lexeme. Word-forms children, boys, men, books have the same grammatical meaning and have different lexical meanings. They constitute a grammeme. The system of all grammemes (grammatical forms) of all lexemes (words) of a given class constitutes a paradigm.

Syntagmatic relations are the relations in an utterance: I like children.

Paradigmatic relations exist between elements of the strings in which they co-occur. P.R. are based on

the principles of similarity. They exist between the units that can substitute one another. A pint of milk. The word pint is in paradigmatic relations with the words bottle, cup, etc. P and S relations are not isolated from one another.

There is an essential difference in the way lexical and grammatical meanings exist in the language and occur in speech. Lexical meanings can be found in a bunch only in a dictionary or in the memory of a man, or, scientifically, in the lexical system of the language. In actual speech a lexical morpheme displays only one meaning of the bunch in each case and that meaning is singled out by the context or the situation of speech (syntagmatically): He runs fast. He runs a hotel.

Morphology studies paradigmatic relations of words. S – syntagmatic relations of words and paradigmatic relations of sentences.