2. Passive constructions can have modal verbs

can / could

may/might be done

must/have to have been done

should / would needn 't

Для образования страдательного залога после модальных глаголов will, can, must и ряда других глаголов, например, have to, be going to, want to используется the passive infinitive: The book is going to be sent abroad. Such an article can't be written within a day. Tim might be asked to participate in the conference.

Модальный глагол + perfect infinitive (have been done) используется для указания на прошедшее время, когда действие в прошлом оказалось нереальным: The rent must have been paid in advance Оплата жилья должна была иметь место (быть произведена) заранее, но этого не произошло. Не should have been accompanied on the expedition by his wife.

3. Оборот «именительный падеж с инфинитивом» ("Complex Subject")

'She (it) is said /believed to...'((О ней) Говорят, что она…)

употребляется с глаголами мышления и чувств to think, to believe, to know, to expect, to consider, to suppose, to hear, to see:

Jane is said to know all there is to know about chimpanzees.

She is believed to have never lost her temper.

She wasn't expected to learn (to have learned) a foreign language in a week.

It is said (that) there is plenty of oil off our own coast.

Первая часть оборота — личное местоимение в именительном падеже или существительное в общем падеже. Вторая часть — инфинитив. Обе его части отделены друг от друга сказуемым предложения. Сам оборот выполняет функцию сложного подлежащего.

There (+ passive + to be) with e.g. allege, believe, fear, know, report, say, suppose, think:

There is said to be plenty of oil off our own coast.

Supposed to может иметь значение:

A. "Said to": Such an act is supposed to be in accord with our policy.

Б. «Организовано», «запланировано» (в отличие от того, что происходит реально):

They were supposed to be here an hour ago. Am I supposed to (should I) clean all the

rooms or just this one?

B. Not supposed to употребляется, чтобы показать, какое действие нежелательно: Не isn't supposed to play football in the classroom.

4. Form of the causative: 'have something done' (have + noun or pronoun object + past participle) Have с оборотом объектный падеж с причастием прошедшего времени (Past Participle/ Participle II) означает, что действие совершается не лицом, обозначенным подлежащим, а кем-то другим для него: She is having her hair cut short. We had the tap changed yesterday. They didn't have the carpet cleaned.We use the causative in different

tenses and with modals:

Get можно употреблять вместо have в неофициальном, разговорном английском (Our cat got run over last week).

5. “Complex Object”:The verbs hear, help, see and make are followed by the bare infinitive in the active but by the to-infinitive in the passive. e.g. passive: He was seen to leave the building. (active: They saw him leave the building.)

But: hear, see, watch + -ing form (active and passive)

e.g. passive: He was seen running down the stairs. (active: They saw him running down the stairs.)

Форма глагола be born является всегда в страдательном обороте и обычно в the past simple: Where were your children born ? I was born in Oxford.

Страдательный оборот -ing формы — being done: I like being told the news every time my son gels home after work.