X. 3. Point out two-member sentences (say whether they are complete or elliptical) and one-member sentences.

1. He stared amazed at the calmness of her answer. 2. We must go to meet the bus. Wouldn't do to miss it. 3. Obedient little trees, fulfilling their duty. 4. Lucretius knew very little about what was going on in the world. Lived like a mole in a burrow. Lived on his own fat like a bear in winter. 5. He wants to write a play for me. One act. One man. Decides to commit suicide. 6. A beautiful day, quite warm. 7. "What do you want?" "Bandages, stuff for wounded." 8. "How did he look?" "Grey but otherwise much the same." "And the daughter?" "Pretty." 9. And then the silence and the beauty of this camp at night. The stars. The mystic shadow water. The wonder and glory of all this. 10. "I'll see nobody for half an hour, Macey," said the boss. "Understand? Nobody at all." 11. "Mother, a man's been killed." "Not in the garden?" interrupted her mother. 12. Garden at the Manor House. A flight of grey stone steps leads up to the house. The garden, an old-fashioned one, full of roses. Time of year, July. Basket chairs, and a table covered with books, are set under a large yew-tree.

Parts of the sentence
principal	secondary
subject	object
predicate	attribute
	adverbial modifier

The Subject

The subject is the principal part of a two-member sentence which is grammatically independent of the other parts of the sentence and on which the second principal part (the predicate) is grammatically dependent, i.e. in most cases it agrees with the subject in number and person.

The subject can denote a living being, a lifeless thing or an idea.

Ways of expressing the subject
1	noun in the common case	The fog is thinning.
2	pronoun (personal, demonstrative, defining, indefinite, negative, possessive, interrogative)	She is very beautiful. This is the last straw. One learns by experience. Nothing can be done about it. Hers was the final judgement. Who told you this?
3	substantivized adjective or participle	The wounded were taken good care of.
4	numeral (cardinal or numeral)	Seven can be divided by two. The third was a young man with a dog.
5	infinitive, an infinitive phrase or construction	To live is to work. To be a rich man, is not always roses and beauty. For him to come was impossible.
6	gerund, gerundial phrase or construction	Talking mends no holes. Winning the war is what counts. Ann’s being French might upset him a little.
7	any part of speech used as a quotation	No is his usual reply to any request.
8	syntactically indivisible group	The needle and thread is lost
9	quotation group	There is a lot of truth in that.
Note: There are sentences where the subject is introduced by the construction there is, e.g. there is nothing on the table. In this case nothing is the subject and there is part of the predicate.

Ex. 4. Point out the subject and say by what It is expressed. Translate into Kazakh.

1. At that moment the postman, looking like a German army officer, came in with the mail. 2. The clock struck eight. There was no sign of any of the other guests. 3. Now, there is something peculiarly intimate in sharing an umbrella. 4. Together we walked through the mud and slush. 5. Something impersonal and humble in that action seemed to reassure the Consul. 6. The sight of them, so intent and so quick, gave Bertha a curious shiver. 7. Eight o'clock in the morning. Miss Ada Moss lay in a black iron bedstead, staring up at the ceiling. 8. Still, the good of mankind was worth working for. 9. Sometimes the past injects itself into the present with a peculiar force. 10. Forgetting some things is a difficult matter. 11. To cross from one end to the other was difficult because of the water. 12. "A person doesn't have to be rich to be clean," Charles said. 13. There was an eagerness and excitement in the faces of the men. 14. ...and Timothy's was but one of hundreds of such homes in this City of Lnd... 15. Let's get out quick. It's no good wasting time. 16. "Very well," said Soames, "then we know where we are." 17. Now, to go through a stormy night and with wet clothes, and, in addition, to be ill nourished and not to have tasted meat for a week or a month, is about as severe a hardship as a man can undergo. 18. She did not know. The "No" was stronger than her craving to be in Frisco's arms and forget this dreary existence. 19. The mining industry might make wealth and power for a few men and women. But the many would always be smashed and battered beneath its giant treads. 20. Yes, that did sound rather far-fetched and absurd. 21. This, of course, in her present mood, was so incredibly beautiful... She began to laugh. 22. To live .on good terms with people one must share their work and interests. 23. These three deemed themselves the queens of the school. 24. Who were these people? What are they? 25. His was the harsh world of reality. No one could walk around his drawing. 26. Governing the district of Cremmen wasn't turning out to be an easy and pleasant job. 27. The firing increased in volume. 28. High and low all made fun of him. 29. For a woman to look at her best is a point of discipline. 30. Your coming home has made me as foolish as a young girl of nineteen. 31. And now his heir and nephew, Thomas Esmond, began to bid for his uncle's favour.

It as the subject
Notional	Personal stands for a definite thing or some abstract idea	Demonstrative points out some person or thing expressed by a predicative noun, or it refers to the thought contained in a preceding statement; close to this and is usually translated into Kazakh by бұл:
	The door opened. It was opened by a boy. Look at the cat. It is very small.	It is John. It was a large room with a great window.
Formal	Impersonal (it, there)	Introductory (anticipatory) (it, there)	Emphatic
	(is used to denote natural phenomena)	(it introduces the notional (real) subject)	(is used for emphasis)
	It is cold. There was a fine rain falling over the trees.	It is impossible to deny this. It is no use disguising facts. It thrilled her to be invited there.	It was Winifred who went up to him. It was he who had brought back George to Amelia.
	(is used to denote time and distance)	There was a little pause. There is only one cloud in the sky.
	It is five minutes past ten. It is a long way to the station.	There came a laugh. There lived a little man named Pipkins

Ex. 5. State the nature of it. Translate into Kazakh.

1. It was dusky in the dining-room and quite chilly. 2. The "bell rang. It was lean, pale Eddie Warren in a state of acute distress. 3. Oh! Oh! Oh! It was a little house. It was a little pink house. 4. But in her bosom there was still that bright glowing place. It was almost unbearable. 5. She sat up, but she felt quite dizzy, quite drunk. It must have been the spring. 6. It was marvellous to be made love to like that. 7. It is the moon that makes you to yourself in that silly way. 8. It is very distressing to me, Sir, to give this information. 9. He took the path through the fields: it was pleasanter than the road. 10. If this is liberty, it isn't going to mean a thing. 11. It was now almost four-thirty in the afternoon. 12. I took a good room. It was very big and light and looked out on the lake. 13. It didn’t take me a minute to make up my mind. 14. There was a woman on the porch; it proved to be Annie.

Ex. 6. Insert there or it and analyse the sentences.

1. … were many people in the room; … was very stuffy. 2. … is high time to begin our work. 3. … is no time left. 4. … has been no rain for some days. 5. The next day … was still raining. 6. … was twenty degrees in the shade. 7. … was nothing to be seen. 8. The translation was easy; … took me very little time. 9. … was deep snow at the foot of the hill. 10. … was snowing hard. 11. At that moment … came a knock at the door. … was a postman. 12. I’m afraid … is no preventing it. 13. … is no use our wasting time talking about it. 14. … is no sense in our wasting time talking about it. 15. Something clanked and rattled outside. … was the dog’s chain. Then … was a sudden furious barking. 16. … is a storm coming on! 17. … remained only to sign the document. 18. … was still very early and …was nobody to be seen.

Ex. 7. Translate into English using the construction with the emphatic it.

1. Былтыр біз дәл осы жерде ағаштар отырғыздық. 2. Осындай қызықты мақала жазған – ол сіздің досыңыз ба? 3. Маған сізге жолығуға кеңес берген олар болды. 4. Мені мазалайтын осы сұрақ болып табылады. 5. Маңыздысы сан емес, сапа болады. 6. Қайғылы оқиға – ол сіздің ұқыпсыздығыңыздан болды. 7. Дәл осы көңілді күйде біз үйге оралдық. 8. Мені әзілмен әурелеген - ол менің ағаларым болатың шығар. 9. Отты біріші көргендер балалар болатын. 10. Оғаш болып көрінген ол оның сөзі емес, ал оның дауысы болды.