Hardware and Software
Even if you have never touched a computer before, you have used software. A recipe for a cake and a telephone number are programs. A program is a set of instructions for an ordered series of actions. It may exist as a printout of computer code or as a recipe in a cookbook - any form that cannot be read directly by hardware. A person or machine has to perform the actions described in the program; it's been recorded in some form - on a computer disk or on videotape - so that the program doesn't have to be entered manually into the hardware each time it's used.
What programs and software have in common in all their forms is that they instruct a piece of hardware how to do something useful. A CD player, an oven and a cookware, a sewing machine and a telephone are all hardware. Hardware is a tangible object, a tool really, that sits there inert and useless until programming or software makes it come alive.
In personal computer systems, just about anything you can see, hold, feel is hardware - microchips, monitor, keyboard, printer, modem Software is intangible. You can hold medium on which computer software is recorded - a floppy disk or hard drive - but the software itself is an abstract collection of instructions that results in your hardware performing specific, no abstract tasks.
Put 5 types of questions to different sentences.
III. Give equivalents:
a) floppy disk, task, a piece of hardware, to enter manually, inert, ordered series, to come alive, described actions, something useful, printout, to read directly;
b) набір команд, запрограмовані серії дій, роздрукування, апаратне забезпечення, програмне забезпечення, виконувати дії, інструмент, описувати в програмі, записати у будь-якій формі, вручну, гнучкий диск, інструмент.
IV. Translate into English:
Програмне забезпечення - це набір команд, що виконуються апаратними засобами.
У персональному комп'ютері все, що ви бачите, відчуваєте або торкаєтесь, є апаратним забезпеченням.
Програма може існувати як роздрукування з комп'ютерним кодом або як у іншому вигляді.
V. Give answers:
1. Why is hardware inert until it performs a special task made by software?
2. How does hardware differ from software?
3. Does software perform abstract or specific task?
Варіант 7
I. Read and translate the text in writing.
Hardware and Software.
For software to work properly, it must be designed for specific hardware. If you were to transfer the recorded signals from videotape to an audiotape, those signals would produce only meaningless noise when read by an audiotape player. Similarly, a program written for an IBM-compatible PC would generate only nonsense - if you could get it to do anything at all - on a Macintosh computer.
Between hardware and most other software is the operating system. The operating system is actually another software program but of a special type. It doesn't let you write letters, calculate budgets, or track an inventory, but it lets programs that do all those things - called application software - work with the hardware.
It is possible to write software that doesn't need an operating system; such software sends instructions directly to the microprocessor and other hardware components of the PC. But an operating system performs two tasks - making things easier for programmers and milking sure programs run on all similar classes of PCs. These tasks are so important that programmers don't try to write application software that speaks directly to hardware. The operating system relieves programmers of much of the drudgery of handling common operations.
Put 5 types of questions to different sentences.
III. Give equivalents to the following terms:
a) drudgery, similar, operating system, to handle common operations, to work properly, recorded signals, to track an inventory, to make things easier;
b) апаратне забезпечення, програмне забезпечення, передати записані сигнали, операційна система, підраховувати бюджет, відслідковувати інвентаризацію, прикладна програма, нісенітниця, звільнити, обробка.
IV. Translate into English:
Для належної роботи програмного забезпечення потрібно розробити спеціальне апаратне забезпечення.
Операційна система - це також програма, але вона виконує специфічне завдання.
Програмісти не намагаються писати прикладну програм), яка безпосередньо розмовляла б з апаратним забезпеченням.
V. Give answers:
1. Why don't programmers write instructions to the microprocessor?
2. What is an operating system and how does it work?
3. What tasks does an operation system fulfill?
Варіант 8
I. Read and translate the text in writing.
Hardware and Software
It is possible to write software that doesn't need an operating system; such software sends instructions directly to the microprocessor and other hardware components of the PC. But an operating system performs two tasks - making things easier for programmers and making sure programs run on all similar classes of PCs. These tasks are so important that programmers don't try to write application software that speaks directly to hardware. The operating system relieves programmers of much of the drudgery of handling common operations. Without an operating system, each programmer would have to "invent from scratch a way for a program to display texts or graphics on screen, a way to send data to the printer, a way for it to read or write disk files, and a multitude of other functions that mesh software with hardware.
An operating system however, does more than make life easier for programmers. It also assures that a program works the same way on different PCs. It disguises any differences between the hardware in one brand of computer and hardware in another brand, so that the same application program will work on both.
Put 5 types of questions to different sentences.
III. Give equivalents to the following terms:
a) to send data, to mesh software and hardware, to make sure, any difference, to handle common operations, multitude, to work on both brands;
b) апаратне забезпечення, програмне забезпечення, операційна система, прикладна програма, звільнити, обробка, спочатку, відсилати дані, багато функцій, змішувати.
IV. Translate into English:
Програміст повинен писати багато функцій, які забезпечили б належну роботу апаратного та програмного забезпечення.
Операційна система - це також програма, але вона виконує специфічне завдання.
Операційна система не лише полегшує працю програміста.
V. Give answers:
1. Is it possible to write software that doesn’t’ need an operating system and why?
2. What are the tasks of an operating system ?
3. What does an operating system disguise?
Варіант 9
I. Read and translate the text in writing.