To have (got) to

Meaning

Forms of the MV

Forms of the infinitive

Kinds of sentences

Some other ways of expressing the same meaning

Sentence patterns

1. Obligation, necessity arising from circumstances

have (has) to;

had to;

shall/will have to; have (has) got to (in colloquial English),

Do (does)… have to?

Did … have to?

Have (has) … got to…? (coll.)

Indefinite Infinitive

affirmative

interrogative

to be obliged to

If you don’t take care of yourself, you’ll have to consult a doctor.

I wondered how long I had to stay in hospital.

Do Russian people have to pay for medical care?

Did you have to wait for us?

Have I got to wake him up for the medicine?

2. Absence of necessity

don’t (doesn’t) have to;

didn’t have to;

haven’t (hasn’t) got to

Indefinite Infinitive

negative

needn’t to

You don’t have to stay in here with me, if it bothers you. You haven’t got to be operated on, have you?

Notes

“didn’t have to do” indicates that the action was not performed as there was no obligation

e.g.: He didn’t have to water the flowers (and he didn’t). It was raining all day long.

Meaning

Forms of the MV

Forms of the infinitive

Kinds of sentences

Some other ways of expressing the same meaning

Sentence patterns

1. Obligation arising out of a plan, an arrangement

am (is, are) to

was (were) to

Indefinite Infinitive

Perfect Infinitive (an unfulfilled plan)

affirmative

interrogative

to plan; to make a plan; to arrange; to agree; to decide

Today I am to go to the post-office. When are you to go there?

Yesterday I was to have gone to the post-office to send a parcel, but I wasn’t able to. (a planned action was not carried out)

2. An order, an instruction

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Indefinite Infinitive

affirmative

negative

If your letter contains anything valuable you are to register it.

3. Possibility

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Indefinite Infinitive Passive

affirmative

interrogative

negative

A letter marked ‘Post Restante’ is to be left at the post-office until it is called for.

Where are postal orders to be cashed?

Such envelopes aren’t to be bought anywhere.

4. Something thought as unavoidable

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Indefinite Infinitive

affirmative

negative

I didn’t know when I was to get a letter from her.

I still hoped to get a letter from her, but it wasn’t to be.

Remember the following set phrases:

1. Where am I to go? – Куди я маю йти?

2. It’s to be hoped. – Потрібно сподіватися.

3. What am I to do? – Що я маю робити?

4. What is to become of me? – Що має зі мною бути?

5. When am I to be there? – О котрій я маю прийти?

6. Who is to begin? – Хто має починати?

7. Who’s to blame? – Хто винен?

8. What’s to be done? – Що потрібно робити?

9. He’s nowhere to be found. – Його не можна ніде знайти.

10. He is to be pitied. – Його потрібно пожаліти.

11. You are to be congratulated – Ви маєте його привітати.