5. Analyze the following multi-clause sentences. Schematize the connection of clauses.

1. And every day aunts July and Hester were required to come and report on Timothy, what news there was of Nicolas, whether dear June had succeeded in getting Joylon to shorten the engagement, now that Mr. Bossiney was building Soames a house, whether young Roger’s wife was really expecting; how the operation on Archic had succeeded, and what Swithin had done about that empty house in Wigmore street, where the tenant had lost all his money and treated him so badly…

2. It didn’t occur to him to wonder what Bossiney had done after they had left him there alone; whether he had gone wandering about like the dog to which Swithin had compared him; wandering down to that copse where the spring was still in the riot, the cuckoo still calling from afar, gone down there with the scent of mint and thyme.

3. Make me do such things, make me like those other men, doing the work they do, breathing the air they breathe, developing the point of view they have developed, and you have destroyed the difference, destroyed me, destroyed the thing you love.

4. When he told me this, he put his hand to his cheek as though he still felt the smart of the blow, and in his eyes was a pain that was heartrending and an amazement that was ludicrous.

Literature:

1. Blokh M.I. A Course of Theoretical English Grammar. – M., 1983. – P. 282-330.

2. Khaimovich B.S., Rogovskaya B.I. A Course in English Grammar. – M.: Vyssaja Skola, 1967. – P. 278-283, 286-292.

3. Rayevska N.M. Modern English Grammar. – Kyiv: Vysca Skola Publishers, 1976. – P. 252-253, 257-259, 261-278.

SEMINAR 6

Paradigmatic Structure of the Sentence.

Syntactic Derivation and Other Syntactic Processes

1. Theoretical Comment.

The notions of the “structural pattern” and “elementary sentence”. Extended (full) and unextended (elementary) simple sentences. Derivational procedures (transformations): morphological changes of words, the use of functional words, substitution, deletion, word-order changes, and intonational arrangement. The two types of derivational relations in the paradigmatic system of sentences: “constructional” relations and “predicative” relations. Clausalization and phrasalization; nominalization. “Lower” (“factual”, “truth-stating”) predicative functions and “higher” (“evaluative”) predicative functions: the categories of communicative purpose, of existence quality (affirmation and negation), of realization, of probability, of modal identity, of subjective modality, of subject-action relations, of subject-object relations, of phase, of informative perspective, of (emotional) intensity. The notion of “predicative load”; “light” and “heavy” predicative load of sentences.

2. Practice.

1. What processes of syntactic derivation are illustrated by the following examples?

1) The excited voices grew louder and louder. 2) The moon rose red. 3) I have sought to emphasize how much is involved in knowing a language. 4) Repentance is said to be its cure, sir. 5) She had evidently returned. 6) There is someone hiding in the kitchen. 7) It was not a matter to be discussed even with a guide, philosopher and friend so near and trusted as the Professor. (Kahler)

2. Examine the following extract and point out the sentences which may be considered elliptical. Analyse their grammatical structure.

“What do you want?”

“Nothing”, he tapped, and waited a few minutes. Saigon came back:

“My name is Henry. What’s yours?” “Jean Val Jean”. Brian felt his mystification, repeated the name.

“How old are you?” Henry tapped out, making several mistakes.

“Thirty-five”, Brian lied, enjoying his name. “And you?”

“Twenty-seven. Where were you born?”

Brian told him: “Nottingham”.

3. Consider the following sentences. Pick out elliptical sentences and give their full version.

1) Too many women nowadays, and they don’t know what they want. 2) You going to take Irene? 3) Mean to tell me you didn’t know? 4) I don’t write. Not such a fool. 5) “Can’t we set the grass on fire?” Macober asked. “Too green”. 6) Cup of tea soon. Good. Mouth dry. 7) Hello. Where off to? Something to eat? I too was just in here. 8) Am I not going there? Seems not. No one about.

4. Determine the predicative load of the sentences:

EXAMPLE: You needn’t have asked him.

The syntactic predicative load of this sentence is 2, as it renders two strong syntactic oppositional meanings: those of the modal subject-object relation (need) and negation. The morphological load is presented by the perfect order.

1) You mayn’t care much for Czars or millionaires. (Chesterton) 2) “I might happen to have murdered my own brother-in-law?” (Chesterton) 3) It might have been a model of the Holy Grail. (Chesterton) 4) “Why didn’t you murder him?” (Chesterton) 5) Mr. Fitzpatrick seemed to enjoy himself. (Joyce) 6) Shouldn’t I be an awful nuisance? (Maugham) 7) She began to giggle. (Maugham) 8) How should I know? (Maugham) 9) Wouldn’t you like me to read? (Hemingway) 10) But that’s not possible, is it? (Saroyan)