Part VI

THE EIGHTEENTH CENTURY

CHAPTER 16 THE POLITICAL WORLD

Active vocabulary

1. deliberate policy

2. Methodism

3. social and political injustices

4. ‘Jacobites’

5. ‘promisory notes’

6. to invest money

7. profit

8. monopoly rights

9. to borrow

10. the sale of shares

11. to be limited by the constitution

12. income

13. to increase taxes

14. national debt

15. ‘boroughs’

16. ‘constituency’

17. to be elected to Parliament

18. to be released

19. gentry

20. ‘no taxation without representation’

21. to pass the law

22. equal voting opportunity

23. to obey the law

I. Answer the following questions:

The political world

1. What was the result of the growth of Britain’s power in the 18^th c.?

2. What was the back side of its prosperity?

Politics and finance

1. What was the policy of James III and George I?

2. Who is considered to be Britain’s first Prime Minister?

3. Why did he come into power?

4. How did the Bank of England come into existence?

5. What were the consequence of interest in financial matters?

6. Who introduced the idea of establishing the “Cabinet” and what did it lead to?

7. What were the constitutional limits to monarchy? Enumerate them.

8. How did Walpole managed to raise the government’s income?

9. Who was one of the most important Walpole’s political enemies?

10. When did the war with France brake out?

11. What did peace with France in 1763 give to Britain?

Wilkes and liberty

1. Describe the Parliament of the 18^th c.

2. Speak of John Wilkes an his policy as MP.

3. What principles did the victory of Wilkes establish?

4. Why was Wilkes’s victory so important?

Radicalism and the loss of American colonies

1. When did the quarrel over taxation between the British government and its colonies in America occur?

2. What do you know about “the Boston Tea-party?

3. Who were “the radicals”? (Edmund Burke and Tom Pain)

Ireland

1. What effects did James III defeat by William of Orange have on Irish people?

2. When was Ireland united with Britain?

Scotland

1. How did Bonny Prince of Charlie act in Scotland?

2. When an where was his rebellion finished?

3. What laws were passed in the Highland?

CHAPTER 17 LIFE IN TOWN AND COUNTRY

Active vocabulary

1. lavatory

2. to lie to become an adult

3. Quaker

4. to carry out the council’s will

5. the social ‘ladder’

6. improvement

7. fancy dress

8. to push somebody off

9. to be enclosed

10. ‘a seed drill’

11. local magistrate

12. to fix wages

13. to lower wages

14. to marry against one’s wish

15. underclothing

I. Answer the following questions:

Town life

1. What was the town life in Britain in this period?

2. What attempts were made to make towns healthier?

3. What were the 4 main classes of people in the eighteenth century towns?

The rich

1. Why was it difficult to see a clear difference between the layers of the society?

2. What was the difference btw the rich and the poor?

3. Describe women’s lives in the 18^th c.

The countryside

1. What kind of disaster was in the Highlands in the 18^th c?

2. What were the improvements of the enclosures and farming?

3. How did the enclosures of the countryside look like?

4. What were the problems of the growing in landless class made very much worse by?

5. What can you tell about the work of parishes?

Family life

1. What influence did parents have on their children?

2. How was individualism reflected in the families?

3. Comment on child labour of the 18^th?

CHAPTER 18 THE YEARS OF REVOLUTION