Chapter 5
Тема: The Muscular System. Словообразование: Prefix -self. Грамматика: Past Participle (P II), ed-forms. Правило перевода предложений с whether (if) |
1.
Class work.
Ex. 1. Analyze the words structurally. Translate the words.
Self-defense, self-control, self-love, self-healing, self-treatment, self-help, self-service, self-sufficient.
Ex. 2. Analyze the functions of the Past Participle (P II) and translate the sentences.
A.
1. The prescribed medicine controlled allergy.
2. The medicine prescribed controlled allergy.
3. The patient retreated achieved good results.
4. The drug administered caused kidney failure.
5. Alcohol taken increased the toxity of barbiturates by more than 50%.
6. Many medicines taken after meals decreased their effect.
7. The degree to which caffeine stimulates an individual depends on the amount taken and the development of tolerance.
8. The help needed was performed immediately.
9. The self-reported symptoms were the same in all patients.
B.
1. When treated with antibiotics the patients felt better.
2. Back pain when occurred was reaction on the injection.
3. Acute diseases if not treated in time may become chronic.
4. If untreated the condition may progress to pulmonary emboli.
5. If not operated immediately your appendix may rupture.
6. If identified soon enough, the infective agent can be controlled with antimicrobial therapy.
Ex. 3. Look at picture 1 and using your knowledge of anatomy translate the medical terms of the muscular system.
The Muscular System.
Picture 1
Ex. 4. Memorize the words:
Contraction – сокращение,
voluntary contraction – произвольное сокращение
the contractile tissue – сократительная ткано
tough tissue – плотная ткань
to occur - возникать
conscious - сознание
survival - выживаемость
to push – толкать, посылать
to twitch – сокращаться, подёргиваться
force - усилие
fatigue - утомление
to maintain - поддерживать
burst – всплеск, импульс, толчок
whereas – в то время, как
to sustain- выдерживать, выносить, испытывать
permanent – постоянный, near-permanent - почти постоянный
striped - полосатый (striated)
to stretch – растягивать
to wiggle – покачивать, извиваться
fibers - волокна
extensors – разгибающиеся мышцы
oblique - косая
adolescence – юность
to facilitate – облегчать, продвигать
to sustain – поддерживать
near permanent – почти постоянный
burst activities – резкие действия
Ex. 5. a) Read text A and find the sentences with the Past Participle (P II). b) Analyze the functions of PII. c) Read and translate these sentences. d) Divide the text into logical units and make the plan of the text.
Text A. The Muscular System.
Muscle (the term derived from Latin musculus, meaning mus "mouse") is the contractile tissue of animals and is derived from the mesodermal layer of embryonic germ cells. Muscle cells contain contractile filaments that move and change the size of the cell. The scientists classified them as skeletal, cardiac, or smooth muscles. Their function is to produce force and cause motion. Muscles can cause either locomotion of the organism itself or movement of internal organs. Cardiac and smooth muscle contraction occurs without conscious and is necessary for survival. Examples are the contraction of the heart and peristalsis which pushes food through the digestive system. Voluntary contraction of the skeletal muscles can be finely controlled. Examples are movements of the eye, or gross movements like the quadriceps muscle of the thigh. There are two broad types of voluntary muscle fibers: slow twitch and fast twitch. Slow twitch fibers contract for long periods of time but with little force while fast twitch fibers contract quickly and powerfully but fatigue very rapidly.
All the muscles are divided into 3 basic groups: long, short and wide. Such group division is influenced by the muscle form. The free extremities are formed by the long muscles, wide muscles are located on the trunk; the walls of the body cavities are formed by wide muscles.
Some muscles are called according to the structure of their fibers, for example radiated muscles; others according to their uses, for example extensors; or according to their direction, for example oblique.
The muscles are formed by a mass of muscle cells. The muscular fibers are connected together by the connective tissue. The blood vessels and the nerves are in the muscles.
Nearly 85 percent of the heat produced in the body is the result of muscle contraction.
Exercise is often recommended as a means of improving motor skills, fitness and muscle strength. Exercise has several effects upon muscles, connective tissue, bones, and the nerves.
Many young people take anabolic steroids for their muscle growth. But when used in adolescence anabolic steroids can result in severe side effects.
Home work.
Ex. 6. Analyze the words structurally. Translate the words.
Sickness, effectiveness, madness, bloodless.
Ex. 7. Translate the words with the prefix self-.
To administer – назначать лечение self – administration
To control, self – control
To heal, self – healing
To limit, self – limited
To massage, self – massage
To recover, self - recovery
Ex. 8. Read, translate and memorize the word combinations:
The contractile tissue, to produce force and cause motion, to cause either locomotion of the organism itself or movement of internal organs, to occur without conscious, to be necessary for survival, to push food through the digestive system, to be voluntary contraction, slow twitch and fast twitch fibers, to be formed by wide muscles.
Ex. 9. Analyze the functions of PII. Read and translate these sentences.
The findings studied demonstrated the better effectiveness of a combination of two drugs in the treatment of heart diseases.
The experiments reported increased calcium absorption by the diabetic rats.
Prescription is a written direction from a medical practitioner to a pharmacist.
When followed by some side-effects, the medicine should be discontinued.
Only some patients will mention aspirin if asked what treatment they have.
Stomach cancer is still the major potentially lethal health problem, especially if detected late in its course.
The findings reported gave basis for initiation of antibacterial therapy or infection control measures.
Any medication taken in excess can result in serious side – effects.
Kleptomania is a very serious mental health disorder and can destroy your life if not treated.
Use the drug only for condition prescribed.
Acetaminophen also can damage the kidneys when taken in large doses.
The symptoms most commonly reported were unusual fatigue (70.6-percent), sleep disturbance (47.8-percent), and shortness of breath (42.1-percent).
Ex.10. Read and translate text A again and answer the questions. Do it in the simple way.
What does the term “muscle” mean?
What substance changes the size of the muscle cells?
What is the predominant function of the muscles?
What else are the muscles responsible for?
What are examples of unconscious and voluntary contractions?
What are two broad types of voluntary muscle fibers? What are their features?
How many groups are muscles divided into? What are they?
2.
Class work.
11. Analyze ed – forms. Translate the sentences.
1. The prescribed mixture for cough improved the patient’s state.
2. The follow up patients were hospitalized and treated free of charge.
3. The operation for acute appendicitis was followed by pains in the lower part of the abdomen.
4. The findings obtained showed the improved survival rates in the field of cancer treatment.
5. Colds must not be treated with antibiotics.
6. Placebo treatment gave worse results compared with xenical
7. When readmitted the child died of peritonitis caused by stomach perforation
8. If repeated after the definite period of time T.B. vaccination will give good results.
9. The drug needed was a prescription one.
10. He was informed about the changes in his state.
11. Severe acute exacerbation of hepatitis was reported in patients who had discontinued anti- hepatic therapy.
Ex. 12. A) Look through text b. B) Find, read and translate the sentences with ed-forms.
Text B. General types of muscle.
Muscle is a contractile form of tissue. It is one of the four tissue types, the other three are epithelium, connective tissue and nervous tissue. Scientists studied and estimated all the muscle functions. Muscle contraction moves parts of the body and substances within the body.
There are three general types of muscle. The first two are "striated"; the third type is "smooth":
Striated muscles contain sarcomeres.
Skeletal muscle (or "voluntary") is attached to the skeleton and facilitate movement. Smooth muscles (or «involuntary») are located within structures such as the intestines, throat and blood vessels.
The differences in characteristics of the smooth muscles and the striated muscles include: the fibers of the smooth muscles are not arranged regularly as those of striated muscles; smooth muscles sustain longer contraction or even near permanent whereas the striated muscles are often used for short, burst activities. The three types of muscle have significant differences, but all produce contraction and relaxation.
Exercises when recommended as means of improving motor skills, fitness and muscle strength will make the muscles strong. Muscles, connective tissue and bones are greatly influenced by different exercises. Sometimes exercises are followed by pains. When admitted to the hospital, the patients are often advised to continue their exercises.
Ex.13. Read text C and entitle it. List the types of muscles and their functions. Do it in a simple way.
Text C.
There are three types of muscle:
Skeletal muscle or "voluntary muscle" is attached by tendons to bone and is used to effect skeletal movement such as locomotion and in maintaining posture. An average adult male is made up of 42% of skeletal muscle and an average adult female is made up of 36% (as a percentage of body mass).
Smooth muscle or "involuntary muscle" is found within the walls of organs and structures such as the esophagus, stomach, intestines, bronchi, uterus, urethra, bladder, blood vessels, and in the skin (in which it controls erection of body hair). Unlike skeletal muscle, smooth muscle is not under conscious control.
Cardiac muscle is also an "involuntary muscle" and is found only in the heart.
Ex. 14. Read the passages and answer the question: What muscle is described in each passage?
A. The muscle makes up the heart. These thick muscle contracts to pump blood out and then relaxes to let blood back in after it has circulated through the body. Just like smooth muscle, muscle works all by itself.
B. Now, let's talk about the kind of muscle you think of when we say "muscle" — the ones that show how strong you. The light and dark parts of the muscle fibers make them look striped. They are voluntary muscles, which mean you can control what they do. Together, these muscles work with your bones to give your body power and strength. The muscle stretches all the way across a joint (the place where two bones meet) and then attaches again to another bone. These muscles come in many different sizes and shapes to allow them to do many types of jobs. Some of your biggest and most powerful muscles are in your back, near your spine. These muscles help keep you upright and standing tall. They also give your body the power to lift and push things. These muscles also hold your head high.BackContinue
C. You may not think of it as a muscular body part, but your face has plenty of them. You can check them out next time you look in the mirror. They don't all attach directly to bone like they do in the rest of the body. Many of them attach under the skin. This allows you to contract your facial and make many different kinds of faces. Even the smallest movement can turn a smile into a frown. You can raise your eyebrow to look surprised or wiggle your nose.
Home work.
Ex. 15. Analyze ed – forms. Translate the sentences.
Validol helped to control a pain.
This medication is often prescribed for migraine.
In developed countries today, vitamin deficiency is very rare.
Xeniacal has no side effects associated with diet medication that act on the brain.
110 patients with acute myocardial infarction were compared with 220 matched control patients with other diseases.
All alcoholic drinks are linked with lower risk of heart disease when taken in little doses.
If untreated the condition may progress and result in chronic one.
A number of different renal diseases were reported in patient with HIV infections.
Similar findings were reported in the smoking patients.
The recommended dose is an infusion of 5 mg/kg followed by additional dose in 2 weeks.
More research is needed to better understand the possible causes of the illness.
The use of placebos has already helped researchers to compare the effects of a given treatment against no treatment.
The new drug had been tested in clinical trials before it was put on the market.
The present findings are similar to the results reported two years ago.
The indications prescribed included aspirin, hot drinks and milk with soda.
Many people diagnosed with lung cancer are over the age of 65.
Ex. 16. a) Read texts B and C again and complete the sentences according to texts B and C, translate your sentences.
Muscle is a ….. form of tissue.
Muscle contraction is used to ….. .
There are ….. general types of muscle. The first two are ….. the third type is ….. .
Skeletal muscle is also name as ….. .
Smooth muscle is also name as ….. .
Cardiac muscle is also an "involuntary muscle" and is found only…...
The three types of muscle have significant differences, but all….. .
An average adult male is made up ….. of skeletal muscle and an average adult female is made up of ….. (as a percentage of body mass).
3.
Class work.
Ex. 17. Read and translate the sentences with whether (if).
The patient must know whether (if) the new drug has any side-effects.
The results depend upon if the patient undergoes the whole treatment or only a part of it.
Whether (if) the nonprescription drug will badly affect your health is not known.
It is not known whether the new medication will harm an unborn baby.
The question of whether cocaine causes physical dependence requires further study.
Whether bronchitis was primary or whether it was the complication after some disease is not clear.
Consider whether the client will need to make changes in sexual activity.
Drug overdose whether accidental or from chemical overloads of drugs such as antibiotics may also cause acute kidney failure.
Symptoms may vary and only a doctor can determine if erosions of the esophagus have occurred.
Ex. 18. Translate at sight.
Text H.
Over 600 skeletal muscles function in the body. It is skeletal muscles function that produces movement through contraction and relaxation of voluntary, striated muscle fibers. These muscles are attached to bones, and are typically under conscious control for locomotion, facial expressions, posture, and other body movements. Skeletal muscle is a system of pairs that relaxes and contracts and helps the body to move. Skeletal muscles have muscle tone which helps to maintain body posture. Skeletal muscle aids in heat generation. It is during muscle contractions when muscle cells expend much energy, most of which is converted to heat.
Cardiac muscle is located only in the heart and makes up the atria and ventricles. Like skeletal muscle, cardiac muscle contains striated fibers. Cardiac muscle is called involuntary muscle because it is not influenced by conscious, and conscious does not control its contractions. Specialized cardiac muscle cells maintain a consistent heart rate.
Smooth muscle is throughout the body, including in visceral (internal) organs, blood vessels, and glands. Like cardiac muscle, smooth muscle is involuntary. Unlike skeletal and cardiac muscle, smooth muscle is nonstriated. It is smooth muscle which is within the walls of digestive tract organs. It causes peristalsis (wave-like contractions) that aids in food digestion and transport.
Except the heart, any action that the body performs without conscious thought is done by smooth muscle contractions. This includes such activities as air passage constrictions. Muscles account for approximately 40 percent of body weight.
Ex. 19. Read text F and be ready to do some tasks.
TASK I. Choose the title for the text:
A. The heart muscle. B. The strongest muscle. C. The muscles of the human body.
TASK II Find the true answer: What muscle is the strongest?
A. The heat muscle. B. The tongue. C. Many different muscles in the human body can be characterized as the "strongest."
TASK III Which statement is true?
Muscular "strength" usually refers to:
The power output of the muscle. B. To the weight of the muscle. C. To the ability to exert a force on an external object.
Text F.
Depending on what definition (определение) of "strongest" is used, many different muscles in the human body can be characterized as the "strongest."
Muscular "strength" usually refers to the ability (способность) to exert a force (оказывать усилие) on an external object—for example, lifting a weight.
If "strength" refers to the force exerted by the muscle itself, for example, on the place where it inserts (вставлять) into a bone, then the strongest muscles are those with the largest cross-sectional area. This is because the tension exerted by an individual skeletal (striated) muscle fiber does not vary much, either from muscle to muscle, or with length. Each fiber can exert a force of 0.3 micronewtons. By this definition, the strongest muscle of the body is the Quadriceps femoris or the Gluteus maximus.
Again taking strength to mean only "force" (in the physicist's sense, and as contrasted with "energy" or "power"), then a shorter muscle will be stronger "pound for pound" ( фунт 453,6 гр.) (that is by weight) than a longer muscle. The uterus (матка) may be the strongest muscle by weight in the human body. At the time when an infant is delivered (рожать), the human uterus weighs about 1.1 kg.
The external muscles of the eye are large and strong in relation to the small size and weight of the eyeball. It is frequently said that they are "the strongest muscles for the job they have to do" and are sometimes "100 times stronger than they need to be." Eye movements, are very fast (быстрый).
The unexplained statement that "the tongue (язык) is the strongest muscle in the body" appears frequently (часто) in lists of surprising facts, but it is difficult to find any definition of "strength» to make this statement true. Note that technically the tongue consists of sixteen muscles, not one. The tongue may be the strongest muscle at birth.
The heart performs the largest physical work in the course of a lifetime. The power output (производительность энергии) of the human heart range from 1 to 5 watts. This is much less than the maximum power output of other muscles; for example, the quadriceps can produce over 100 watts, but only for a few minutes. The heart does its work continuously for the whole lifetime without pause, and can "outwork" ( переработать ) other muscles.
Ex.20. Read the article below and answer the question in the title.