Grammar notes

Modal Verbs

Basic modals	Phrasal modals
can/ could do had better do may/ might do must do ought to do shall/ will do should do would do	be able to do be going to do be supposed to do have to do have got to do used to do

Read the following sentences, find the examples of modals. Translate the sentences into Russian:

1. Sociology can range from the analysis of brief contacts between anonymous individuals on the street to the study of global social interaction.

2. It seems totally unlike every object with which our senses acquaint us.

3. There are two great classes of aggregates with which the social aggregate may be compared-the inorganic and the organic.

4. This task turns difficult because the man can belong to the multiple organizations, some can be artificial, some can be natural, some can be combined.

5. The centers of development (or the “brain centers”) should unite on the professional base the lawyers, sociologists, economists, psychologists, politologists and other specialists for solving the complicated social problems.

6. A family, an enterprise, the society can not be described by a single model.

7. The individual must be free to follow his conscience without fear of the powers that happen to be entrusted with administrative tasks in some of the fields of social life.

8. This theory should be "nucleus" of new sociology forming it and determining directions of the further development.

9. Compulsion should never be absolute; the "objector" should be offered a niche to which he can retire, the choice of a "second-best" that leaves him a life to live.

10. Juridical and actual freedom can be made wider and more general than ever before; regulation and control can achieve freedom not only for the few, but for all.

11. The power of the State was of no account, since the less its power, the smoother the market mechanism would function.

12. Neither voters, nor owners, neither producers, nor consumers could be held responsible for such brutal restrictions of freedom as were involved in the occurrence of unemployment and destitution.

13. Ultimately, sociological research must meet the canons of scientific method; immediately, the task is so to express these requirements that they may have more direct bearing on the analytical work which is at present feasible.

14. It seems as though death ought to have the effect of weakening vital energies, instead of strengthening them.

15. They talk about the marvel which men should feel as they discover the world.

16. A fact of common experience cannot give us the idea of something whose characteristic is to be outside the world of common experience.

17. Since neither man nor nature have of themselves a sacred character, they must get it from another source.

18. Under the influence of these directing ideas, observations could be made with better method.

19. Though the relationships between power and exploitation are not simple and direct, their existence can hardly be denied.

20. We may quote the frequency with which Blumer asserts that the Thomas-Znaniecki’s analyses of documents "merely seem to be plausible."

21. The soul is attached to a body which it can leave only by exception; in so far as it is nothing more than that, it is not the object of any cult.

22. The relationship between “positive” and “negative” sanctions may be quite complicated as they actually operate in social systems.

23. A general theory of social systems must begin from the interdependency of norms and power.

24. There are sociological problem for the explanation of which the integration theory of society provides adequate assumptions; there are other problems which can be explained only in terms of the coercion theory of society.

UNIT 9