Grammar notes Reported speech Sequence of tenses

(на примере правильного глагола study)

He studies sociology. I knew that he studied sociology. He is studying sociology. I thought that he was studying sociology.	Одновременное действие
He studied sociology at university. I heard that he had studied sociology at university. He has already studied sociology. I was told that he had already studied sociology	Предшествующее действие
He will study sociology next year. I supposed that he would study sociology the following year.	Последующее действие

Read some quotations by famous sociologists. Render them in Reported speech. Translate the sentences into Russian.

Emile Durkheim:

1. Every individual drinks, sleeps, eats, or employs his reason, and society has every interest in seeing that these functions are regularly exercised.”

2. These facts were social ones.

3. I fulfill obligations which are defined in law and custom and which are external to myself and my actions.

4. When I tried to escape the necessity, my attempt failed miserably.

5. There are other facts which do not present themselves in this already crystallized form but which also possess the same objectivity and ascendancy over the individual.

Robert E.L. Faris (about famous sociologists):

6. The term “sociology” was coined by Auguste Comte in 1838.

7. Karl Marx is nowadays considered to be a classical sociologist.

8. Sociologists hoped not only to understand what held social groups together, but also to develop an "antidote" to social disintegration and exploitation.

9. The first sociology departments in the United Kingdom were founded after the Second World War.

10. One push away from positivism was philosophical and political, such as in the dialectical materialism based on Marx's theories.

Herbert Spencer:

11. It may be said that a society is but a collective name for a number of individuals.

12. There are two great classes of aggregates with which the social aggregate may be compared-the inorganic and the organic.

13. Our conception of the subject matter before us remains vague.

14. The arrangement, temporary in the one case, is lasting in the other; and it is the permanence of the relations among component parts which constitutes the individuality of a whole as distinguished from the individualities of its parts.

15. Regarding a society as a thing, what kind of thing must we call it?

Max Weber:

16. Sociology is a science concerning itself with the interpretive understanding of social action.

17. Action itself is behavior to which the individual attaches meaning, and it is social insofar as its subjective meaning takes account of the behavior of others and is thereby oriented in its course.

18. Economic theory exclusively deals with rational economic action of a type that very rarely can be found in empirical reality, and when so, only approximately.

19. An order which is surrounded by social safeguards of a specific type constitutes an organization.

20. Beware of thinking all your own that you possess, and of living accordingly.

Karl Marx:

21. The history of all hitherto existing society is the history of class struggles.

22. The Communists disdain to conceal their views and aims.

23. Working men of all countries, unite!

24. The commodity is the cell-form or building unit of capitalist society—it is an object useful to somebody else, but with a trading value for the owner.

25. The structural contradictions within capitalism necessitate its end, giving way to communism.

UNIT 5