Structure

1. Analyze the structure of the review. Identify the intro, the body, and the conclusion.

2. What information does each part contain and to what end?

Contents

1. How and in what part of the paper does the reviewer identify the book under review and its author?

2. What information about the author does the reviewer include in his review? In what part does it appear? To what end?

3. How does the reviewer summarize the main idea/argument/focus of the book? Do you believe it to be a successful thesis? Why (not)?

4. Analyze how the main ideas of the book are presented. Is the content of the book conveyed chapter by chapter or as an entire book? Is the summary of the book’s main ideas placed in a particular section or is some summary dispersed throughout other parts of the review? Is the reviewer specific enough? If so, how does he avoid vagueness? If not, what could be done to improve the review?

5. Identify the parts which analyze the book under review. Is the reviewer’s critique concentrated in a certain paragraph/paragraphs or is it dispersed throughout other parts of the review? Which of the following criteria does the review use to evaluate the book?

• the timeliness of the book;

• the degree to which the article makes an original contribution;

• the logic of the view put forward;

• the validity of the evidence put forward;

• the theoretical framework used (its validity or appropriateness);

• the methodology used, e.g. research, analysis, case studies (appropriateness, clarity, weaknesses/strength);

• the validity of conclusions;

• the thoroughness with which the book treats the topic;

• the book’s value compared to that of other works on the topic;

Style

Analyze how the reviewer expresses his reaction to the work under review. What language is used to evaluate the original text?

B.

If you have analyzed the suggested sample review thoroughly enough, you will easily complete the following rules summarizing the essential features of a review.

1. A review is a ____________________________________________________________

2. Unlike a summary, a review ________________________________________________

3. The most important elements of a review are: ___________________________________

4. The introduction should include _____________________________________________

5. The body of the review should include ________________________________________

6. The conclusion should include ______________________________________________

Ex. 26. Choose an article from an academic journal on the topic connected with your research and write a critical review of this article following the guidelines in Unit 3 (ex. 34).

MIXED BAG

Ex. 27. Fill in the gaps with the correct adverb or preposition where necessary.

a)

to be ___ the throes ___ revolutions to be eager ___ technological enhancements to be ___ the verge of producing new tools to be relevant ___ the diplomatic world shifts that appeal ___ grand strategists power is diffusing ___ non-state actors to be important ___ statecraft to be distinct ___ realpolitik to be ___ odds ___ smth ___ a lesser degree to be "national" or "multinational" ___ character to be ___ the threshold ___ smth ___ this background to be smaller ___ traditional measures

to emanate ___ the "system" ___ a whole to place a premium ___ smth to be a basis ___ a distinct dimension of statecraft antithetical ___ realpolitik to seem averse ___ to amount ___ a true tool of statecraft to stem ___ to pit one state ___ another to be mindful ___ realpolitik to dissuade the Soviet Union ___ aggression to be geared ___ a state-centric system to persist ___ emphasizing smth to give way ___ new ideas

b)

1. A good diplomat knows how to present their government's positions in terms that are appealing ___ local interests and sensibilities.

2. ___ the background ___ reports that Russia is to increase its military expenditure ___ 60 percent, and last fall held its largest military exercise in the Baltic Sea ___ the 1980s, the controversial Mistral arms deal between France and Russia is giving rise ___ fears in Sweden that the country’s security may be compromised.

3. Bilateralism is increasingly giving way ___ multilateralism and multilateral relations now conducted ___ the framework of international organisations with either general or specialised competencies

4. China, and ___ a lesser degree Russia, have acted to dilute harsh sanctions proposed ___ the U.S. and its Western allies on the Security Council, leading to compromise penalties enacted ___ the council that are milder than the West had originally hoped.

5. Coercive diplomacy is distinct ___ deterrence in that coercive diplomacy is a response to a hostile action already taken while deterrence attempts to prevent a hostile action.

6. Coercive diplomacy needs to be distinguished ___ deterrence, a strategy that employs threats to dissuade an adversary ___ undertaking a damaging action ___ the future.

7. Cultural diplomacy is a form of diplomacy that places a premium ___ cultural recognition and understanding as a basis ___ dialogue

8. Democracies must persist ___ their public diplomacy efforts that rely ___ digital media and encourage their proliferation.

9. Diplomacy makes use ___ peaceful methods, generally persuasive though ___ times coercive, but not amounting ___ use of force, to explain and attain a nation state’s objectives.

10. Diplomatic agencies that "thrive" ___ the new environment, even if ___ traditional measures they appear to be relatively weak, are likely to be the ones that learn to work conjointly ___ the new generation of non-state actors.

11. ___ the cold war United Nations peace-keeping operations were largely military ___ character and were usually deployed after a cease-fire but before a settlement of the conflict ___ question had been negotiated.

12. Early Russian diplomacy in the fourteenth ___ eighteenth centuries was starkly ___ odds ___ existing international rules.

13. Fearful ___ projecting weakness, Khamenei is averse ___ compromise ___ both domestic and international contexts.

14. Given the pace of change ___ the digital world ___ a whole, the conduct of diplomacy is set to undergo a major evolution as these technologies shake up the status quo.

15. If the strife between Israelis and Palestinians continues, the practice of suicide bombers may diffuse ___ Europe.

16. In a world in which some are trying to pit different religions ___ each other, we should send a clear message: we are ___ tolerance, and ___ radicalism.

17. ___ the aftermath ___ WikiLeaks disclosures, diplomats and leaders will be mindful ___ what they say ___ foreign interlocutors, but how long this will last remains to be seen.

18. Many states’ motivations for upholding sanctions ___ Iran stem ___ fears of another country developing nuclear weapons.

19. New disclosures from WikiLeaks documents reveal Israel’s goal to keep Gaza ___ the verge ___ economic collapse.

20. North Korea is believed to be ___ the throes ___ one of the worst economic crises in decades.

21. Small states’ diplomacy puts a higher premium ___ persuasion and consensus building as distinct ___ power play ___ the conduct of international relations..

22. Some sources claim that after years of fruitless diplomacy, Iran is ___ the threshold ___ becoming a nuclear power.

23. South Korea is eager ___ active denuclearization of the peninsula.

24. The acquisition of new technologies must be geared ___ supporting the key priorities of diplomacy.

25. The impetus ___ creating a global noosphere is more likely to emanate ___ activist NGOs, other civil-society actors (e.g., churches and schools), and private individuals dedicated ___ freedom of information and communications and ___ the spread of ethical values and norms.

26. The logic employed to justify WikiLeaks manoeuvres and persuade us in righteousness ___ its motives is that ‘secret diplomacy is antithetical ___ an open society, and that state secrets have not always been used ___ noble purposes.

27. The spread of technology, global political shifts and the rise ___ democracies have all placed a premium ___ the value of public diplomacy.

Ex. 28. a). In the following passage insert articles where necessary. Account for their use.

b) Reread the passage and comment on the author’s point of view.

Behind rhetoric of globalization - rhetoric found in public as well as academic debate - lie three broad accounts of nature and meaning of globalization today, referred to here as hyperglobalist, sceptical, and transformationalist views.

Hyperglobalists argue that we live in increasingly global world in which states are being subject to massive economic and political processes of change. These are eroding and fragmenting nation-states and diminishing power of politicians. In these circumstances, states are increasingly the 'decision- takers' and not the 'decision-makers'.

Sceptics strongly resist this view and believe that contemporary global circumstances are not unprecedented. In their account, while there has been intensification of international and social activity in recent times, this has reinforced and enhanced state powers in many domains.

Transformationalists argue that globalization is creating new economic, political and social circumstances which, however unevenly, are serving to transform state powers and context in which states operate. They do not predict outcome - indeed, they believe it is uncertain - but argue that politics is no longer, and can no longer simply be, based on nation-states.

What is to be made of these different positions? Are we, or are we not, on edge of global shift with massive political, economic and cultural implications?

Ex. 29. Use the verbs in parentheses in the correct tense and voice form.

In 2007 the Maldives (to become)₁ the first country in the world (to open)₂ a Virtual Embassy. The Maldives Virtual Embassy (to locate)₃ in the Diplomatic Quarter of Diplomacy Island in Second Life, an on-line space (to design)₄ to allow new avenues for diplomatic (to represent)₅ and (to negotiate)₆, especially for small and (to develop)₇ countries that have a (to limit)₈ diplomatic outreach in the “real” world. Diplomacy Island is the brainchild of Diplo Foundation, a non-profit organisation which (to work)₉ to help (to develop)₁₀ countries participate (to mean)₁₁ in international affairs.

The official inauguration ceremony (to take place)₁₂ simultaneously in the real world (Geneva) and in the virtual world (Second Life), with participants in both “place” and “space” able to watch the speeches, interact with each other, and explore the Maldives Embassy and the rest of Diplomacy Island.

(To speak)₁₃ ahead of the opening ceremony, which (to host)₁₄ by the Geneva Centre for Security Policy, Dr. Srgjan Kerim, President Designate of the UN General Assembly said “Modern diplomacy should follow the changes of today's world. Diplo’s virtual diplomacy initiative, with Diplomacy Island and Virtual Embassies, (to herald)₁₅ new developments in the diplomatic practice.”

At the opening of the Maldives Virtual Embassy, the Maldives Minister of State for Foreign Affairs, Mr. Abdulla Shahid (to emphasize)₁₆ how information technology and particularly the internet can (to harness)₁₇ by small countries (to help)₁₈ them (to participate)₁₉ meaningfully in international relations:

“The Maldives is not a big country but that (not to mean)₂₀ we (not to have)₂₁ a valuable contribution (to make)₂₂ in international affairs. The Maldives well (to known)₂₃ as a tourist destination, but we are also a country that (to experience)₂₄ rapid economic, social and political development over recent years; while our vulnerability to sea-level rise (to put)₂₅ us at the forefront of the global debate on climate change. The Virtual Embassy offers another channel for us (to provide)₂₆ information on the country, (to offer)₂₇ our viewpoint on issues of international concern, and (to interact)₂₈ with our partners in the international community. I warmly (to welcome)₂₉ anyone (to interest)₃₀ in the Maldives (to pay)₃₁ us a visit in Second Life”.

Ex. 30. Use of English. Globalization and the State.