3. Substantivized Adjectives

(Субстантивированные прилагательные)

Некоторые прилагательные могут употребляться в значении существительных (субстантивироваться). В этом случае перед ними стоит определенный артикль, и они употребляются с глаголом-сказуемым в форме множественного числа. Такие субстантивированные прилагательные обозначают группу лиц, объединенных общим признаком.

young а молодой — the young п молодые, молодежь

old а старый — the old п старые, старики

poor а бедный — the poor п бедные, бедняки

unemployed [ʌnɪmʹplɔɪd] а безработный — the unemployed n безработные

II. Word-building Prefix "un-"

Отрицательный префикс un- может соединяться с прилагательными, причастиями, глаголами и, реже, с существительными:

а) при соединении с прилагательными и причастиями префикс un- придает им отрицательное значение: unpleasant неприятный, unlucky неудачный, unpublished [ʌnʹpʌblɪʃt] неопубликованный;

б) при соединении с глагольными основами образуются глаголы со значением действия обратного или противоположного выраженному основой: unmake разрушать, уничтожать (сделанное).

Exercise.

Form new adjectives, participles and verbs by adding the prefix "un-".Translate them into Russian.

friendly, fruitful, musical, happy, real, true, known,

published, paid, written, to think, to make

III. Text

Learn these words and word combinations

outstanding [autʹstændɪŋ] а выдающийся, знаменитый; Lomonosov was an outstanding Russian scientist.

dramatist [ʹdræmətɪst] n драматург

drunkard [ʹdrʌŋkəd] n пьяница

poor [puə] а бедный, неимущий

gifted [ʹɡɪftɪd] а одаренный, талантливый, способный

musician [mju:ʹzɪʃn] п музыкант

leave [li:v] (left) v покидать, бросать; to leave school бросить школу; I hear John left school last year.

age [eɪʤ] n возраст; at the age of ten (twenty, etc.) в возрасте десяти (двадцати и т. д.) лет; At what age did your brother leave school?

hate v ненавидеть; не выносить, не терпеть; испытывать отвращение; I hate it when it rains.

join [ʤɔɪn] v 1. присоединяться; входить в компанию; Не will join us later; 2. вступать в члены (общества, партии и т. п.); Dreiser joined the American Communist Party in 1945. for a long time в течение длительного времени, долго; Не has not seen his brother for a long time.

make a living (as smb.; by doing smth.) зарабатывать на жизнь (в качестве кого-л.; делая что- л.); Shaw had to make a living as a cashier in a land agency.

publish [ʹpʌblɪʃ] v издавать, опубликовывать; to be published быть опубликованным; When was Shaw’s first novel published?

success [səkʹses] n успех; to be a success пользоваться успехом, иметь успех; Their plan was a great success.

profession [prəʹfeʃn] n профессия, род занятий

as cnj в качестве, как (вводит предикатив и др. члены предложения); to work as teacher (journalist, etc.). ПРИМЕЧАНИЕ. Обратите внимание на то, что в сочетании с work as (в значении как, в качестве) артикль перед существительным часто не употребляется: At the age of twenty he began to work as teacher.

critic [ʹkrɪtɪk] n критик

interested [ʹɪntrɪstɪd] а заинтересованный, интересующийся; to be (to become) interested in smth. интересоваться (заинтересоваться) чем-л.; Не is interested in art, isn’t he? work n произведение, сочинение

impress [ɪmʹpres] v производить впечатление (на кого-л.), поражать (кого-л.); Did his last novel impress you? fail to do smth. не суметь, не быть в состоянии, оказаться неспособным сделать что-л.; Не failed to understand them. Он оказался не в состоянии понять их.

realize [ʹrɪəlaɪz] v 1. сознавать, понимать; Does she realize that her father is very ill? 2. осуществлять, выполнять, реализовать (план, замысел); They failed to realize their plan.

necessity [nɪʹsesɪtɪ] n необходимость

revolutionary [͵revəʹlu:ʃnərɪ] а революционный

reconstruction [ʹri:kənsʹtrʌkʃn] n перестройка, переустройство; реконструкция

pamphlet [ʹpæmflɪt] n памфлет

creator [krɪʹeɪtə] n творец, создатель

publicist [ʹpʌblɪsɪst] а публицистический

title [ʹtaɪtl] n название, заглавие

criticize [ʹkrɪtɪsaɪz] v критиковать

bourgeois [ʹbuəʒwɑ:] а буржуазный

society [səʹsaɪətɪ] n общество; In his works Gorky criticized Russian bourgeois society,

attack [əʹtæk] v нападать, атаковать

landlord [ʹlændlɔ:d] n домовладелец, сдающий квартиры; slum landlord владелец домов-трущоб, сдающий в них комнаты, квартиры

rob [rɔb] v грабить

period [ʹpɪərɪəd] п период, промежуток времени

war [wɔ:] п война; World War I (One), the First World War первая мировая война

criticism [ʹkrɪtɪsɪzm] n критика; drastic [ʹdræstɪk] criticism резкая (решительная) критика

imperialist [ɪmʹpɪərɪəlɪst] а империалистический

policy [ʹpɔlɪsɪ] n политика

existence [ɪɡʹzɪstəns] n существование

true [tru:] а верный, преданный: a true friend верный друг

several [ʹsevrl] а несколько; several days (boys, books, etc.); I have read his letter several times.

describe [dɪʹskraɪb] v описывать, изображать; In his book the writer describes the life of college students.

achievement [əʹtʃi:vmənt] n достижение

devote [dɪʹvout] v посвящать; отдавать (себя) целиком; Не devoted his life to art; to be devoted to быть посвященным чему-л.; His new book is devoted to the life of a famous actor.

be out выйти из печати, выходить; His book is out, isn’t it?

stage v ставить (пьесу, оперу и т. п.); to be staged быть поставленной (о пьесе, опере и т. п.); Where was his last play staged?

performance [pəʹfɔ:məns] n спектакль, представление; The performance begins at 7 o'clock tonight. Спектакль сегодня начинается в 7 часов вечера.

the public [ʹpʌblɪk] п собир. публика; the reading public читающая публика, читатели; the theatre-going public театралы

tour [tuə] n поездка, экскурсия; to make a tour of совершить поездку по; When did you make a tour of Scotland?

award [əʹwɔ:d] v награждать; to be awarded быть награжденным; Shaw was awarded the Nobel Prize for Literature in 1925. В 1925 г. Шоу был награжден Нобелевской премией за достижения в области литературы.

die [daɪ] v умирать; Byron died at the age of 36.

death [deθ] n смерть

GEORGE BERNARD SHAW

ʹGeorge ʹBernard ↗Shaw, an ʹoutstanding ʹBritish ↗dramatist, was ʹborn in ↘Dublin, ʹIreland, on ʹ26 Ju↗ly. ʹ185↘6. His ʹfather was a ↘drunkard and the ʹfamily was ↘poor. ʹShaw’s ↗mother, a ʹgifted mu↗sician, ↘left her ↗husband and ʹwent to ↘London where she ʹstarted to ʹwork as ↘music teacher.

ʹAs the ʹfamily was ʹvery ↗poor ʹShaw had to ↘leave ↗school at the ʹage of fif↘teen. He beʹcame a ca↘shier in a ʹDublin ʹland ↘agency.⁽¹⁾ He hated his ↗job and after he had ʹworked for ʹfive ↗years he ʹgave it ↗up and ʹleft for ↘London. ʹThere he ʹjoined his ↗mother whom he had ʹnot ʹseen for a ʹlong ↘time.

ʹShaw ʹtried to ʹmake a ʹliving by ↘writing. He wrote ʹfour ↗novels which were ʹpublished in ʹmaga↘zines but they were ʹnot a suc↘cess. The ↘best of ↗them is "ʹCashel ʹByron’s Pro↘fession".⁽²⁾ In ʹ188↗5 ʹShaw beʹcame a ↘music critic. From ʹ18↗85 to ʹ18↗98 he ʹwrote a ↘1ot as critic of ↗art, ↗music, ʹliterature and drama and was ʹvery ↘popular with the readers.

↘After ͵Shaw had ͵joined the ͵Fabian So↗ciety⁽³⁾ he ʹtook ʹpart in de↗bates and ʹwrote many ↘pamphlets.

In the ↗nineties⁽⁴⁾ ʹShaw beʹgan to ʹwrite for the ↘theatre. He was the creʹator of a ʹnew ʹpublicist ↘drama. 1n ʹ1892 - ↗93 ʹthree ʹplays ʹgrouped under the ʹtitle "ʹPlays Un↘pleasant"⁽⁵⁾ were ͵published. In ʹthese ↗plays ʹShaw ʹcriticized ʹBritish ʹbourgeois so↘ciety: in

"↘Widowers’ ↗Houses"⁽⁶⁾ he atʹtacked ↘slum ↗landlords who ʹrobbed he ↘poor. ʹDuring the ʹperiod of ʹ1894 - ↗97 ʹShaw ʹpublished ʹthree ↗plays ʹgrouped under the ʹtitle "ʹPlays↘ Pleasant".

ʹWhen ʹWorld ʹWar↘ I ↗started ʹShaw ʹpublished "ʹCommonsense about the ↘War"⁽⁷⁾ (1914), a drastic ↗criticism of the ʹBritish ʹgovernment’s ↘policy.

From the ʹvery ʹfirst ʹdays of the eʹxistence of the Soviet ↗Union ʹShaw beʹcame a ʹtrue ↘friend of the ʹfirst ʹsocialist ↘state. In ʹ19↗28 ʹShaw ↘visited the Soviet Union. ʹAfter he had reʹturned to ↗England he ʹpublished ʹseveral ↘articles in which he desʹcribed a chievements of the USS↘R.

Shaw wrote over twenty plays. One of his most popular plays is "Saint Joan"⁽⁸⁾ (1923). The play is devoted to Joan of Arc (the Maid of Orleans). The play had not been out a few months when some theatres staged it. Since its first performance the play has always been a great success with the public everywhere. Shaw himself liked this play very much. In 1931 he made a world tour visiting India, China, Africa and America.

In 1925 he was awarded the Nobel Prize for Literature and in 1934 the medal of the Irish Academy of Letters. ⁽⁹⁾ Shaw died at the age of 94 in 1950.

Names

Dublin [ʹdʌblɪn] г. Дублин

Ireland [ʹaɪələnd] Ирландия

Joan of Arc [ʹdʒoun əvʹɑ:k] Жанна д’Арк

the Maid of Orleans [ɔ:͵1eɪʹɑ:ŋ] Орлеанская дева

China [ʹʧaɪnə] Китай

Africa [ʹæfrɪkə] Африка

Notes

⁽¹⁾ Dublin land agency [ʹeɪdʒənsɪ] Дублинское агентство по продаже и покупке земельных участков и домов

⁽²⁾ "Cashel Byron’s [ʹkæʃl ʹbaɪrənz] Profession" "Профессия Кэшеля Байрона"

⁽³⁾ the Fabian [ʹfeɪbɪən] Society Фабианское общество — реформистская организация в Великобритании, которая проповедует постепенный переход к социализму путем частичных реформ; основана в 1884 г.

⁽⁴⁾ in the nineties [ʹnaɪnti:z] в девяностые годы

⁽⁵⁾ grouped [ɡru:pt] under the title "Plays Unpleasant" объединенные под названием "Пьесы неприятные"

⁽⁶⁾ "Widowers’ [ʹwɪdouəz] Houses" "Дома вдовца"

⁽⁷⁾ "Commonsense [ʹkɔmənsəns] about the War" "Здравый смысл о войне"

⁽⁸⁾ "Saint Joan" [seɪnt ʹdʒoun] "Святая Иоанна", пьеса, посвященная Жанне д’Арк

⁽⁹⁾ the medal [ʹmedl] of the Irish [ʹaɪrɪʃ] Academy [əʹkædəmɪ] of Letters медаль Ирландской академии литературы

Exercise 1. Read and translate the text.

Exercise 2. Find in the text English equivalents for these word combinations.

1. где она начала работать преподавателем музыки. 2. пытался зарабатывать на жизнь. 3. но они не имели успеха. 4. и пользовался популярностью среди читателей. 5. заинтересовался социалистическим движением. 6. но он не смог понять (осознать). 7. в девяностые годы. 8. стал верным другом. 9. пьеса посвящена. 10. всегда пользуется успехом. 11. был награжден.

Exercise 3. Quote the sentences in which these words and word combinations are used in the text.

to be born, at the age of, to give up, to make a living, to be published, to become a music critic, to be popular with, to make an impression on smb., to fail, bourgeois society, achievements, to be devoted to, to be out, to be a success with, himself, to be awarded, to die

Exercise 4. Answer these questions.

1. When was Shaw born? 2. Why did he have to start to make a living at the age of fifteen? 3. How long did he work as cashier in a Dublin land agency? 4. Why did he leave for London? 5. Were his first four novels a success? 6. What did he do from 1885 to 1898? 7. Under what title were his first three plays published? 8. What did Shaw describe in those plays? 9. What pamphlet did Shaw publish when World War started? 10. When did Shaw visit the Soviet Union? 11. What did he write about his visit to the first socialist state? 12. What prizes was Shaw awarded? 13. Which of his plays have you seen?

Exercise 5. Substitute the active words from the vocabulary for the italicized parts of these sentences. The words are given below the exercise.

1. I think he does not understand how important this plan is. 2. Not long before he died Dreiser [ʹdraɪzə] joined the American communist party. 3. In many of his books Dickens [ʹdɪkɪnz] wrote about the life of poor and unhappy people. 4. In 1835 Dickens became a reporter of the "Morning Chronicle" [ʹkrɔnɪkl]. 5. Conan Doyle [ʹkɔnən dɔɪl] began to write at the age of twenty.

to become, to start to work as reporter, death, to start, to describe, to realize

Exercise 6. Insert articles where necessary.

1. John Galsworthy [ʹɡɔ:1zwə:ðɪ], ... outstanding English novelist and dramatist, was born in 1867. He was awarded ... Nobel Prize for... Literature in 1932. 2. First^* Dickens worked as ... reporter for "... True Sun". 3. After "Oliver [ʹɔlɪvə] Twist" had been out, all Dickens’s works were ... great success with ... readers. 4. In 1841 Dickens made ... tour of ... United States. ... tour made ... great impression on him. After he had returned to England he published "American Notes" in which he criticized ... American bourgeois society. 5. Conan Doyle became famous when ... collection of short stories under ... title "Adventures of Sherlock Holmes^**"was published in 1892.

Exercise 7. Insert prepositions or adverbs where necessary.

1. Jerome K. Jerome [dʒəʹroum keɪ dʒəʹroum], a British novelist and dramatist, was born ... 1859. He had to leave ... school ... an early age and start to make a living ... himself. He had worked ... clerk, actor and teacher before he became a writer. His book "Three Men in a Boat" has been popular ... the readers since it was ... in 1889. 2. In 1932 Priestley [pri:stlɪ] began to write... the theatre and published his first play "Dangerous Corner^*". 3. Graham [ʹɡreɪəm] Greene’s "Quiet American^**" is devoted ... the war in Vietnam [vɪətʹnæm]. 4. Sean O’Casey was born ... a poor worker’s family ... 1880 ... Dublin. In his youth he became interested ... socialist literature. ... 1913 he took an active part ... the strike ... the Dublin transport workers. ... the twenties he began to make a living ... writing. Sean O’Casey wrote plays. ... the thirties be joined the British communist party. His best play is "Juno and the Peacock^***" ... which he was awarded Hawthornden Prize^****.

Exercise 8. Respond to these statements according to the model.

a) His mother has been ill for a month.

By that time his mother had been ill for a month.

1. He has worked as art critic for the "Times" for a year. 2. He gave up studying English literature. 3. He made a tour of the Soviet Union. 4. They have already realized their plan. 5. They have published two of his novels.

b) The new performance was a success. (to hope)

I hoped that the new performance had been a success.

1. He failed to realize the new plan. (to know) 2. Shaw’s play "Saint Joan" made a great impression on him. (to be sure) 3. He was awarded the Nobel Prize. (to know) 4. They have staged his new play. (to think) 5. He has always been their true friend. (to be sure) 6. He tried to make a living by writing. (to know)

Exercise 9. Маке up ten sentences using Past Perfect and the active words given below.

an outstanding dramatist, to leave school, to try, to become interested in,

to take part in, to describe, several, to be out, to be devoted to,

to make an impression on

Exercise 10. Open the brackets using the proper tenses.

1. A. Cronin (to be born) in 1896. After he (to finish) school he (to go) to Glasgow [ʹɡlɑ:sɡou] University. From 1921 to 1930 he (to work) as doctor first in South Wales^***** and then in London. In 1930 Cronin (to fall ill). When he (to leave) hospital he (to go) to the country. While he (to stay) in the country he (to write) a novel. After the novel ("Hatter’s Castle^******") (to be out), it (to be) a great success with the reading public. It (to be translated) into five languages. Cronin (to give up) medicine and (to begin) to make a living by writing. Several of his novels (to be translated) into Russian. 2. I knew that Chekhov and Tolstoy (to be popular) always with the British reading public. 3. She was sure that John (to fail) to understand them. 4. I am sure they (can) realize, their plan next month. 5. He thought that Jill and Ben (to take part) in the debate.

Exercise 11. Make up twelve questions based on the text "George Bernard Shaw" and answer them.

Exercise 12. Give a summary of the text "George Bernard Shaw".

Exercise 13. Make up situations, using the words given below.

a) The Life Story^* of a Famous Man: to be born, to make a living, to give up, to devote to, to take part in, to become famous.

b) My Life Story: to be born, to go to school, to leave (to finish) school, to go to college, to have true friends, to enjoy one’s work, to realize, to be a success.

Exercise 14. Translate into English.

1. Константин Паустовский, известный русский писатель, родился 31 мая 1892 г. в Москве. Затем его семья переехала в (to move [mu:v] to) Киев, где он начал учиться в школе. Когда Паустовский учился в шестом классе, его отец оставил семью, и Паустовскому пришлось зарабатывать на жизнь. В возрасте восемнадцати лет Паустовский написал свой первый рассказ, и он был напечатан в киевском литературном журнале «Огни» ("Flares"). После того как Паустовский закончил школу, он поступил в Киевский университет, а затем переехал в Москву и учился в Московском университете. В 1916 г. Паустовский начал работать журналистом. Он был в Москве, когда произошла Октябрьская социалистическая революция. С самых первых дней существования Советского государства Паустовский принимал активное участие в работе журналистов. 2. Максим Горький, выдающийся русский писатель, пользуется популярностью и известностью не только в России, но и за рубежом. В своих произведениях Горький критиковал буржуазное общество царской (tsarist [ʹzɑ:rɪst]) России. 3. Джеймс Олдридж (James Aldrige [ʹɔ:ldrɪdʒ]), прогрессивный английский писатель, родился в Австралии в 1918 г. В 1938 г. он переехал в Англию и с тех пор живет там. В 1949 г. Олдридж опубликовал свой наиболее известный роман «Дипломат». В романе описывается жизнь английских дипломатов в Москве во время второй мировой войны. Олдридж критикует буржуазных дипломатов, которые не хотели помочь советскому народу, борющемуся против фашизма (fighting against — fascism [ʹfaɪtɪŋ əʹɡeɪnst ʹfæʃɪzm]).

Exercise 15.

a) Make up stories on these topics,

b) Write a story on one of the topics.

1. The life story of my favourite Russian (English, American, etc.) writer. 2. The life story of a friend of mine. 3. My life story.