6. "То get", "to become", "to grow", "to turn", "to look", "to feel" as link-verbs

(Глаголы to get, to become, to grow, to turn, to look, to feel в качестве связок)

Глаголы to get, to become, to grow, to turn в значении становиться, to look в значении выглядеть, to feel в значении чувствовать употребляются в качестве глагола- связки составного именного сказуемого.

Не felt very tired yesterday.

Он чувствовал себя очень усталым вчера.

You look quite ill.

Вы выглядите совсем больным.

It is getting cold.

Становится холодно.

It is growing hotter.

Становится жарче.

My father is growing old.

Мой отец стареет.

Your daughter has become a very good teacher.

Ваша дочь стала очень хорошим преподавателем.

He turned red.

Он покраснел.

Exercise 13. Read and translate these sentences.

1. Your brother has become a very good hockey player. 2. Moscow is becoming more and more beautiful. 3. She turned red when she heard the news. 4. The trees in your garden have grown quite tall. 5. These flowers look beautiful, don’t they? 6. It’s getting dark, isn’t it? 7. I hope you feel quite comfortable in this armchair. 8. I feel very tired today.

II. Word-building

1. Adjective-forming suffixes "-al", "-ful", "-y"

-al, -ful, -y — суффиксы, при помощи которых образуются прилагательные.

-al служит для образования относительных прилагательных от основ существительных: national [ʹnæʃnl] национальный.

-ful служит для образования прилагательных от основ существительных, а также от некоторых глагольных основ со значением «обладающий (в полной мере) качеством», выраженным основой: beautiful красивый, прекрасный, awful [ʹɔ:fl] ужасный, wonderful замечательный.

-у служит для образования прилагательных от основ существительных со значением «имеющий качество того, что обозначено основой»: rainy дождливый, sunny солнечный.

Exercise 1. Point out the suffixes in these adjectives and translate them.

fruitful [ʹfru:tfl], happy, frosty, musical,

political [pəʹlɪtɪkl], wonderful, busy, easy

Exercise 2. Form adjectives from these nouns and translate them.

a) -ful: use, help, thank;

b) -y: cloud, fog, snow, luck, glass, ice, flower, wind;

c) -al: continent, music, industry

2. Adverb-forming suffix "-ly"

-ly — суффикс наречий. С его помощью образуются качественные наречия от основ прилагательных, сохраняя в большинстве случаев значение прилагательного: usually обычно, easily легко, badly плохо.

Exercise 3. Form adverbs from these adjectives and translate them.

occasional, real, bad, fruitful, happy, useful, helpful.

beautiful, bright, slow, nice

III. Text

Learn these words and word combinations

climate [ʹklaɪmɪt] n климат; What is the climate like in the Crimea? Какой климат в Крыму?

western [ʹwestən] а западный;

blow (blew, blown ) [blou, blu:, bloun] v дуть; Western winds often blow in summer.

influence [ʹɪnfluəns] v оказывать влияние (воздействие) на (кого- л. что-л.); влиять, воздействовать; His words influenced me greatly. Его слова произвели (оказали) на меня сильное влияние. Western winds influence the climate of Great Britain.

mild [maɪld] а мягкий; The climate of Great Britain is mild.

strong [strɔŋ] а сильный; А strong wind is blowing.

frost [frɔst] n мороз; The frost is strong today.

rare [rɛə] а редкий; Strong frosts are rare in the Crimea.

average [ʹævərɪʤ] а средний; What's the average temperature in Moscow in May?

low [lou] а низкий; What’s the lowest average summer temperature in London?

part n часть; What is the coldest part of the country?

frosty [ʹfrɔstɪ] а морозный; Is it as frosty in St.Petersburg, as it is in Moscow?

snow [snou] n снег; There was a lot of snow last winter.

long adv долго: long ago давно; I read that novel long ago; for long в течение длительного времени; Snow never lies for long in the Crimea.

almost [ʹɔ:1moust] adv почти, чуть не, едва не; Не has almost done his homework.

from day to day изо дня в день; It’s getting colder from day to day. ПРИМЕЧАНИЕ. Обратите внимание на отсутствие артикля перед существительным day в этом сочетании.

hard [hɑ:d] adv сильно; It rained (snowed) hard yesterday. Вчера шел сильный дождь (снег). They are working hard. Они напряженно работают.

world [wə:ld]; the world n мир, свет; This is a map of the world.

land [lænd] n земля, суша

percent [pəʹsent] а процент

temperate [ʹtempərət] а умеренный; a temperate zone [zoun] умеренная зона; a temperate climate умеренный климат; The country has a temperate climate.

subtropical [͵sʌbʹtrɔpɪkl] а субтропический; a subtropical climate (zone) субтропический климат (-ая зона)

great [ɡreɪt] а большой, сильный; The greater part of Russia is in the temperate zone.

mass [mæs] n масса

air [ɛə] n воздух; vast [vɑ:st] masses of cold air огромные массы холодного воздуха; fresh air свежий воздух; I must get some fresh air. Мне нужно прогуляться.

flow [flou] v течь, струиться, литься

over [ʹouvə] prep над; Vast masses of cold air are flowing over the land.

lower [ʹlouə] v снижать, понижать; to lower the temperature понизить температуру

central [ʹsentrəl] а центральный; Is your house in the central part of the city?

region [ʹrɪʤən] n область, край, район (об очень большой территории)

continental [͵kɔntɪʹnentl] а континентальный; In most regions of the Russia the climate is continental. Siberia has a more continental climate.

hot а жаркий; Summers are very hot in here.

short а короткий; Summer is very short in the north of the country.

long а долгий, продолжительный;It was a very long winter.

extreme [ɪksʹtri:m] а крайний, самый дальний; in the extreme north на крайнем севере

bare [bɛə] а пустой, голый, лишенный (чего-л.)

tundra [ʹtʌndrə] n тундра; The tundra is a cold bare region, it occupies the extreme north of the country.

around [əʹround] prep вокруг, около; She is around forty. Ей около сорока (либо сорок, либо немногим меньше сорока).

zero [ʹzɪərou] n ноль; above [əʹbʌv] zero выше нуля; below [bɪʹlou] zero ниже нуля; The temperature is around 15° C above (below) zero. Температура около 15° выше (ниже) нуля по Цельсию.

cool [ku:l] а прохладный; Nights are rather cool in Central Asia in summer.

coast [koust] берег, побережье; The Black Sea coast Черноморское побережье; Their town is on the south coast. Их город расположен на южном берегу.

Exercise ɪ. Read and translate these sentences. Pay attention to active words and word combinations.

1. The climate of Scotland is not as mild as the climate of England. 2. The warm winds of the Atlantic and Pacific Oceans do not influence the climate of the greater part of his country. 3. The July average temperature in London is lower than in Paris. 4. Strong frosts are rare in this part of the country. 5. "It’s as frosty today as it was yesterday, isn’t it?" "I think the frost was even worse yesterday." 6. It snows more in February than in March in Moscow 7. In Great Britain the weather changes from day to day. 8. It rained hard all day yesterday. 9. About 80 per cent of Russia is in the temperate zone. 10. Winters in the south are not as cold as they are in the central part of the country. 11. Siberia has a more continental climate, summers are hotter and shorter, winters are colder and longer. 12. The tundra occupies the extreme north of the country. 13. Winters are milder and summers are hotter on the Black Sea coast. 14. It is rather cool here in early spring. 15. The temperature is around 40° C above zero.

CLIMATE OF GREAT BRITAINE AND OUR COUNTRY

Western winds that blow from the Atlantic Ocean influence the climate of Great Britain. The climate is mild and strong frosts are rare. The January average temperature is higher and the July temperature is lower than in most European countries.

The coldest part of the country is the Highlands of Scotland. It is as frosty in Scotland as it is in St. Peterburg. In January south-western England (Devon and Cornwall) is the warmest part in Great Britain. There snow is rare and it never lies for long. In summer the south-eastern part of England is the warmest.

Britain has rain almost in every month of the year. In Great Britain the weather changes from day to day or even during the day. It may be sunny in the morning and it may start raining hard⁽¹⁾ in the afternoon.

About 80 per cent of Russia is in the temperate zone, 18 per cent in the Arctic and 2 per cent is subtropical.

The greater part of the country is not influenced by the warm winds⁽²⁾ of the Atlantic and Pacific Oceans. There are no mountains in the north to protect the country from the cold north winds. Vast masses of cold air from the Arctic flow over the land and lower the temperature in the northern and central regions of the European and Asian parts of the country. In most regions the climate is continental with hot, short summers and cold, long winters.

The tundra is a cold bare region, it occupies the extreme north of the country.

The lowest average winter temperature in the tundra is around 30°C below zero.⁽³⁾

In the European part of the country the coldest months are January and February and the hottest months are July and August. There is often a lot of rain in autumn.

In St.Petersburg the climate is less continental, summers are cooler and winters are warmer than in the central regions of the European part of the country.

Siberia has a more continental climate than the European part of the country, winters are colder and longer, summers are hotter and shorter.

The Black Sea coast have a subtropical climate. Winters are mild and summers are hot there.

Names

the Atlantic Ocean [ətʹlæntɪk ʹouʃn] Атлантический океан

European [͵juərəʹpɪən] европейский

the Highlands of Scotland [ʹhaɪləndz əv ʹskɔtlənd] север Шотландии

Devon [ʹdevən] Девон

Cornwall [ʹkɔ:nwɔ:l] п-ов Корнуолл

The Arctic [ʹɑ:ktɪk] Арктика

The Arctic Ocean Северный Ледовитый океан

the Pacific [pəʹsɪfɪk] Ocean Тихий океан

Siberia [saɪʹbɪərɪə] Сибирь

Notes

⁽¹⁾ it may start raining hard может начаться сильный дождь

⁽²⁾ is not influenced by the warm winds теплые ветры не оказывают воздействия (влияния)

⁽³⁾ is around 30°С (thirty degrees [dɪʹɡri:z] centigrade [ʹsentɪɡreɪd]) below zero около 30° (градусов) ниже нуля по Цельсию

В России и во многих других странах используется термометр Цельсия.

В Англии, США и в некоторых других странах наряду с термометром Цельсия используется термометр Фаренгейта. Точка замерзания воды по Фаренгейту +32°, а точка кипения +212°.

Exercise 2. Read and translate the text.

Exercise 3. Find in the text English equivalents for these word combinations and sentences.

1. оказывают влияние на климат. 2. сильные морозы бывают редко. 3. В Шотландии так же холодно, как и в Санкт-Петербурге. 4. В Англии дожди идут почти в каждом месяце. 5. Около 80% территории России находится в умеренной зоне. 6. чтобы защитить страну от холодных северных ветров. 7. снижают температуру в северных и центральных областях (районах). 8. в большинстве областей. 9. Самая низкая средне-зимняя температура в тундре около 30° ниже нуля. 10. и самые жаркие месяцы. 11. менее континентальный.

Exercise 4. Quote the sentences in which these words and word combinations are used in the text.

mild, average, part, snow, from day to day, to Start raining, to occupy, the Atlantic Ocean, vast masses of cold air, continental, rain, cool, the European part of the country, the Black Sea coast

Exercise 5. Answer these questions.

1. How do western winds that blow from the Atlantic Ocean influence the climate of Great Britain? 2. What part of Great Britain is the coldest? 3. Is it as frosty in Scotland as it is in St. Petersburg? 4. What part of England is the warmest in summer? 5. What is the weather like in Britain? 6. What climatic^* zones are there in Russia? 7. Why do northern winds that blow from the Arctic Ocean influence the climate of Russia? 8. What is the climate like in most regions? 9. What part of the country does the tundra occupy? 10. What is the lowest average winter temperature in the tundra? 11. What are the coldest and the hottest months in the European part of the country? 12. Are summers in the European part of the country as hot as (they are) in Siberia? 13. What part of the country has a subtropical climate?

Exercise 6. Give the degrees of comparison of these adjectives and adverbs.

mild, strong, high, low, cold, warm, frosty, sunny, large, great, bad, brilliant, good, little, long, short, much, many, badly, well, exciting, thick, thin, hot, cool, continental, temperate, difficult, early, easy, easily

Exercise 7. Transform these sentences according to the models. Translate them.

a) It is not as cold in February as it is in January.

It is colder in January than in February.

1. It is not as hot in August as it is in July in Moscow 2. It is not as cool in the morning as it is in the evening here. 3. Winters in Moscow are not as frosty as they are in Siberia. 4. Cold northern winds in the central regions of the country are not as strong as they are in the tundra. 5. Summers in the Highlands of Scotland are not as warm as they are in the south-eastern part of England.

b) I do not like autumn as much as (I like) spring.

I like spring more than autumn.

1. She does not like winter as much as summer. 2. It does not rain as much on summer as (it does) in autumn. 3. It does not snow as much in December as (it does) in January. 4. I do not like rain as much as snow. 5. I do not like the continental climate as much as I like the subtropical climate.

Exercise 8. Insert appropriate form of the adjectives and adverbs given in brackets.

1. The January average temperature in Great Britain is (high) than in some European countries. 2. Where are winters (long): in Moscow or in Paris? 3. It rained (hard) yesterday than it is raining today. 4. Today it is (cool) than it was yesterday. 5. There snow lies (long) than in the south of the country. 6. If the climate is subtropical, then summers are (long). 7. February is (short) month of the year. 8. The climate of Ireland [ʹaɪələnd] is (mild) than the climate of some European countries. 9. Finland has a (continental) climate than Norway [ʹnɔ:weɪ].

Exercise 9. Ask questions to which the italicized words are the answers.

1. Siberia has a more continental climate. 2. The winter average temperature in the tundra is around 30°C below zero. 3. The greater part of Australia [ɔ:sʹtreɪlɪə] has a subtropical climate. 4. In the south winters are milder than in the central regions of the country. 5. There are four seasons in the year. 6. Spring is the best season of the year in England.

Exercise 10. Insert articles where necessary.

1. ... greater part of Australia has ... subtropical climate. Some regions have ... tropical climate. In ... south of ... country ... January average temperature is 20°C above zero and ... July average temperature is 9°C above zero. It rains hard in ... tropical north in summer. 2. Canada [ʹkænədə] is one of ... largest countries in ... world. It occupies ... northern part of ... continent [ʹkɔntɪnənt] of North America [əʹmerɪkə]. ... northern winds that blow from ... Arctic Ocean influence climate of Canada. Canada has ... continental climate with cold winters and hot summers. 3. It was ... frosty morning. 4. ... morning was warm and sunny and they went for ... hike in ... mountains. 5. July is... warmest month in... central regions of ... country. 6. Did they come back at ... night? 7. ... winter is coming. It is getting colder and colder. 8. It was ... very cold winter. ... average temperature was around 22°C below zero. 9. It was ... Friday before he left for ... south.

Exercise 11. Insert prepositions or adverbs.

1. Northern winds that blow ... Arctic Ocean influence the climate ... Finland. ... the south-western part... the country the climate is milder. The lowest average February temperature is ... 15°C ... zero ... the north-western part ... Finland. Snow lies ... 250 days ... the extreme north-west. 2. ... 70 per cent ... Australia is ... the subtropical zone. 3. Snow does not lie ... long ... the Black Sea coast. 4. The weather changes ... day ... day or even ... the day in New York [ʹnju:ʹjɔ:k] ... autumn. 5. Vast masses ... cold air ... the Arctic flow ... the land and lower the temperature. 6. It rained hard ... night. 7. They are going ... a drive ... the country ... the afternoon. 8. They left the town ... a sunny Wednesday... May.

Exercise 12. Open the brackets and put the verbs in the proper tenses.

1. "Where you (to spend) your holidays last summer?" "We (to go) to Riga. I (to have) my holidays in July. The weather (to be) wonderful there. It (to be) as hot there as it (to be) in Yalta. I (to enjoy) my holidays." 2. "You (to have got) any plans for the week-end?" "Well, if the weather (to be) fine and it (not to rain) we (to go) for a walk. Would you like to come with us?" 3. It (to rain) hard now. We (not to be able) to go for a hike in the mountains. 4. "You (to be) ever to London?" "Yes, I (to be) there last summer." "How you (to like) the weather there?" "Well, the weather (to be) wonderful when I (to be) there. It never (to rain)." 5. I wonder if they (to arrive) at the station before the train (to leave). 6. It (to be) very cold lately. 7. Summer (to come). It (to grow) warmer and wanner. 8. The cold northern wind (to blow) all day long yesterday. 9. Snow (to lie) for about 200 days that winter. 10. It (to be) the best holiday I ever (to have).

Exercise 13. Give a summary of the text "Climate of Great Britain and our country."

Exercise 14. Translate into English.

1. Какой климат в Шотландии? — Климат в Шотландии не такой мягкий, как в Англии. Зимой в Шотландии идет снег и на севере так же холодно, как и в Санкт-Петербурге. Зима в Шотландии не такая длинная, как в Санкт-Петербурге или Москве. Лето более прохладное, чем в Москве. 2. Погода в Лондоне меняется изо дня в день и даже в течение дня. Утро может быть солнечным, а днем может начаться дождь. 3. 80% территории нашей страны находится в умеренной зоне. В большинстве районов климат континентальный, лето жаркое и короткое, зима холодная и длинная. Самая теплая часть страны — Черноморское побережье. Там зима мягкая и не очень длинная, а лето очень жаркое и длинное. В Сибири более континентальный климат, чем в Европейской части нашей страны; Зима там холоднее и длиннее, а лето жарче и короче. 4: Северные ветры, которые дуют с Северного Ледовитого океана, оказывают влияние на климат Финляндии. 5. Огромные массы холодного воздуха из Арктики проходят над Канадой и снижают температуру в ее северных районах. 6. Какая сегодня температура? — 23°С выше нуля. Сегодня жарче, чем вчера, не так ли? 7. Я не люблю осени, осенью часто идут сильные дожди и становится холоднее. 8. Приближается весна. Дни стали длиннее, с каждым днем (изо дня в день) теплее. 9. Собираетесь ли вы поехать на прогулку за город днем? — Если день будет солнечный и теплый, мы поедем на прогулку. 10. Какой самый холодный месяц в Москве? — Январь. 11. Он вернется будущей весной 12. Сегодня ветер западный (с запада).

Exercise 15. a) Speak on these topics, b) Write a story on one of the topics.

1. Climate of Great Britain. 2. Climate of our country. 3. Climate of Canada (Australia, Finland, etc.). 4. My favourite season.