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2. The Gerund* (Герундий)

Герундий — это неличная форма глагола. В русском языке соответствующей формы нет. Образуется герундий от инфинитива глагола (без to) при помощи окончания -ing.

Герундий часто употребляется после глаголов и предложных сочетаний (например, to like, to enjoy, to be fond of, to give up и др.). Он может переводиться на русский язык инфинитивом, существительным и т. д.

I like reading books.

Мне нравится читать книги. (Мне нравится чтение книг.)

She likes watching TV.

Ей нравится смотреть телепередачи.

He enjoyed seeing old friends.

Он с удовольствием повален со своими старыми друзьями.

(Он получил удовольствие от встречи...)

I am fond of translating from English into Russian.

Я люблю переводить с английского языка на русский.

II. Word-building

1. Affixation** (Аффиксация)

В английском языке, как и в русском, широко используется аффиксация — образование новых слов от основ существующих слов при помощи суффиксов и префиксов. Знание значений суффиксов и префиксов помогает определить значение незнакомых слов, образованных при их помощи от знакомых слов.

Суффиксы -er, -оr используются для образования от глагольных основ существительных, обозначающих профессию или свойственное данному лицу действие.

to work работать — worker рабочий

to sleep спать — sleeper соня

Префикс re- используется для образования от глагольных основ новых слов, имеющих значение повторности действия или совершения его заново.

to read читать — to reread перечитать

to do делать — to redo переделать

Exercise 1. Translate these words. Say what verbs they are formed from.

a) listener, reader, translator, driver, player, visitor;

b) to rewrite; to rename, to replay.

Exercise 2.

a) Form nouns from these verbs using the suffix -er. Translate them.

to drive, to pay, to buy, to receive, to translate, to walk

b) Add the prefix re- and translate the verbs.

to open, to write, to name, to do

2. Conversion* (Конверсия)

Конверсия — один из наиболее распространенных способов словообразования в английском языке. Конверсией называется образование новых слов от слов, принадлежащих к другой части речи, без добавления аффиксов (суффиксов или префиксов). При помощи конверсии главным образом образуются существительные от глаголов, глаголы от существительных и глаголы от прилагательных.

to look смотреть — a look взгляд

to sleep спать — а sleep сон

a hand рука — to hand вручать

Exercise 3. Form nouns from these verbs by means of conversion. Translate them.

to work, to visit, to answer, to walk, to shave, to wash, to stay,

to study, to help, to hope, to return, to drive

ПРИМЕЧАНИЕ. Знание способов словообразования поможет вам развить языковую догадку (т. е. умение догадаться о значении новых слов) в процессе самостоятельного чтения.

III. Text

Learn these speech patterns

1. Its very nice of you to ask us. Очень любезно (мило) с вашей стороны, что вы нас пригласили.

Exercise 1. Маке up sentences using the table and translate them.

It

is

nice of

you

to invite us.

was

him

to say so.

Peter

to come and see us.

them

to help us.

2. It was time to leave for the cinema. Было пора отправляться в кино.

Exercise 2. Маке up sentences using the table and translate them.

to leave for college.

to leave for work.

It

is

time

to go to bed.

was

to start work.

to get up.

3. a) They enjoyed the film.

Им очень понравился фильм.

b) He enjoyed rereading that book.

Он с большим удовольствием перечитал эту книгу.

Exercise 3. Маке up sentences using the table and translate them.

I

the book.

Peter

the party.

Mrs Brown

enjoyed

the film.

They

seeing him.

reading the book.

4. We’d ↘love to come. [wɪd ↘lʌv tə kʌm]

(We would [wəd] ↘love to come.)

Мы с удовольствием (охотно) придем.

Exercise 4. Маке up sentences using the table and translate them.

to meet him.

I’d

to have lunch with you.

He’d

love

to see the new film.

We’d

to stay in St. Petersburg.

Exercise 5. Complete these sentences using patterns 1, 2, 3, 4.

1) 1. ... to go and see them. 2. ... to do that. 3. ... to give me the book. 4. ... to show us your new pictures. 5. ... to invite them.

2) 6. It’s time to... . 7. It was time to... . 8. I think it’s time to... . 9. He says it’s time to... .

3) 10. He enjoyed. ... 11. Did they enjoy... ? 12. The children enjoyed... , didn’t they?

4) 13. I’d love to... . 14. We’d love to... . 15. He’d love to... .

Exercise 6. Translate into English.

1. Вам очень понравился фильм, не так ли? — Да. 2. Благодарю вас, мне очень понравился вечер по случаю вашего дня рождения. 3. Который сейчас час? — Восемь. Пора отправляться в школу. 4. Мне очень нравится переводить с английского языка на русский. 5. Я с удовольствием прочитаю эту книгу. 6. Ник с удовольствием повидается с вами.

Exercise 7. Make up eight sentences using patterns 1, 2, 3 and 4.

Learn these words and word combinations

lecture [ʹlektʃə] v читать лекции; to lecture on smth. читать лекции по ...; What does Mr Wilson lecture on?

lecture n лекция; Did you listen to Mr Wilson’s lecture yesterday.

Russian n 1. русский, русская; Is he a Russian?

literature [ʹlɪtrətʃə] n литература; English (Russian, French, etc.) literature

be fond of [bɪ ʹfɔnd əv] любить, увлекаться чем-л.; Mr Wilson is fond of Russian literature isn’t he? to be fond of doing smth. любить делать что-л.; He is fond of driving a car.

art [a:t] n искусство; My eldest brother is fond of art.

be about to do smth. собираться (намереваться) сделать что-л.; Не was about to leave for work. Он как раз собирался уходить на работу.

when [wen] cnj когда (вводит временные придаточные предложения); John was about to start work when Mr Brown came into the room.

telephone [ʹtelɪfoun] n телефон; syn. phone

ring (rang, rung) [ræŋ, rʌŋ] v звонить (о телефоне, звонке и т.д.); She was in the kitchen when the telephone rang. answer a call отвечать по телефону; Who answered your call yesterday?

about adv около, приблизительно; It was about five o’clock then. I think Peter’s father is about fifty.

invitation [͵ɪnvɪʹteɪʃn] n приглашение; at the invitation of по приглашению кого-л.; Mr Brooks came to Russia at the invitation of Moscow University.

spoken [ʹspoukn] а разговорный; spoken English (Russian, German, French etc.) разговорный английский язык (русский, немецкий, французский и т. д.); ant. written; I think spoken English is very difficult.

speak (spoke, spoken) v говорить; говорить на каком-л. языке; Can he speak English? to speak to smb. about smth. говорить (разговаривать) с кем-л. о чем- л.; What did John speak to Peter about?

cinema [ʹsɪnɪmə] n кинотеатр; Let’s go to the cinema tonight.

film [film] n фильм

ask [ɑ:sk] v приглашать; to ask smb. to dinner; It is nice of you to ask us to dinner.

talk [tɔ:k] v разговаривать, беседовать; to talk to (with) smb. about smth. беседовать (разговаривать) с кем-л. о чем-л.; What are they talking about?

plan n план, замысел; plan(s) for план(ы) на; What are your plans for the weekend?

summer [ʹsʌmə] n лето; What are your plans for the summer? Каковы ваши планы на это лето? in summer летом; I usually get up at six o’clock in summer.

dub [dʌb] v дублировать; Is the film dubbed?

subtitles [ʹsʌbtaɪtlz] n pl. титры

acting [ʹæktɪŋ] n театр. игра

excellent [ʹeksələnt] а отличный

beautiful [ʹbju:təfl] а прекрасный, красивый

marvellous [ʹmɑ:vləs] а изумительный? удивительный, чудесный; His acting is marvellous?

reread [ri:ʹri:d] v перечитывать

novel [ʹnɔvl] n роман; Would you like to read this novel?

favourite [ʹfeɪvrɪt] а любимый, излюбленный

writer [ʹraɪtə] n писатель; My favourite English writer is С. P Snow. Мой любимый английский писатель — Чарлз П. Сноу.

Exercise 8. Read and translate these sentences. Pay attention to active words and word combinations.

1. "Did Mr Scanlon lecture on French literature yesterday?" "Yes, he did." 2. I know she is fond of Russian literature. 3. The telephone is ringing. Please answer the call. 4. Did she teach spoken French at Oxford? 5. "Have you seen the new film?" "Yes, I have. I liked it very much. It’s marvellous. And have you seen it?" "Oh, yes, I enjoyed seeing it too." 6. "Can Peter speak English?" "He certainly can." 7. "What are they talking about?" "I don’t know." 8. "Have you read Aitmatov’s new novel?" "Yes, I have. It’s excellent, I think. By the way, Aitmatov is my favourite writer." 9. "Is spoken English difficult?" "I don’t think so." 10. "Did Mike talk to Peter about our plans yesterday?" "I think so." 11. "Is the film dubbed?" "I don’t think so."

GOING OUT(1)

Mr and Mrs Wilson were at home last Saturday afternoon. Mr Wilson is a lecturer at Edinburgh University. He lectures on Russian literature. Mr Wilson and his wife are fond of Russian literature and art.

They were about to have dinner when the telephone rang. Mrs Wilson answered the call. It was Mr Petrov, a teacher of Russian from Moscow. Mr Petrov came to Scotland about a year ago at the invitation of Edinburgh University. He teaches spoken Russian to English students. Mr Pet↗rov ≀ inʹvited the ↗Wilsons ≀ to ʹcome and have ↘dinner with him ≀ ʹnext ↘Friday.

He ʹsaid, "ʹWould you ʹlike to ʹgo to the ↗cinema after dinner? They are ʹshowing(2) a ↘Russian ↗film "ʹCrime and ↘Punishment"(3) at the Odeon."

"It’s ʹvery ↘nice of ↗you to ↘ask us," said Mrs Wilson. "We’d↘love to come. ʹJohn’s ʹbeen ↑ so ↘busy lately, ≀ we ʹhaven’t gone ʹout ↘much. ʹThank you ↑ very ↘much."

(Next Friday)

At ↝dinner ≀ the ʹWilsons and Mr Pet↗rov ≀ ʹtalked about their ʹplans for the ↘summer. ʹThen it was ʹtime to ʹleave for the ↘cinema.

The ʹfilm was ↘not dubbed ≀ but there were ʹEnglish ↘subtitles. The ʹacting was ↘excellent ≀ and the ↝colours were ↘beautiful. Mr Petʹrov and the ʹWilsons en↘joyed the film.

"ʹWasn’t Smoktuʹnovsky ↘marveHous?" ≀ Mrs ͵Wilson ͵said when they ͵came ͵out of the ↘cinema.

"He ↘certainly was, ≀ ↘wasn’t he?" Mr Wilson said. "His ʹacting is ↘wonderful. You ↗know4 I’ve just re↘read the ↗novel," he ͵went ͵on to ↘say(5), "Dosto↝yevski ≀ is my ʹfavourite ʹRussian ↘writer."

Names

Dostoyevski [dɔstəʹjevskɪ] Достоевский

Edinburgh [ʹednbərə] г. Эдинбург

Scotland [ʹskɔtlənd] Шотландия

Wilson [ʹwɪlsn] Уилсон

Notes

(1) Going out. Выход в гости.

(2) They are showing ... at the Odeon [ʹoudɪən] В «Одеоне» идет...

(3) "Crime and Punishment" [ʹpʌnɪʃmənt] «Преступление и наказание»

(4) You know... Видите ли... Понимаете ли...

(5) he went on to say продолжал он; to go on to do smth. продолжать делать что-л.

Exercise 9. Read and translate the text.

Exercise 10. Find in the text English equivalents for these word combinations and sentences.

1. работает преподавателем в Эдинбургском университете. 2. очень любят русскую литературу и искусство. 3. ответила на телефонный звонок. 4. около года тому назад. 5. пообедать с ним. 6. в последнее время был очень занят, и мы очень редко бывали в обществе (выбирались в гости). 7. Краски великолепные. 8. Играет он замечательно. 9. Я только что перечитал роман.

Exercise 11. Quote the sentences in which these words and word combinations are used in the text.

to lecture, to be about to, to ring, spoken, to show, to ask, lately, plans,

to enjoy, certainly, favourite

Exercise 12. Answer these questions.

l. When did the telephone ring? 2. Who answered the call? 3. It was Mr Petrov, wasn’t it? 4. Who does Mr Petrov teach spoken Russian to? 5. What did Mr Petrov say to Mrs Wilson? 6. At dinner they talked about their plans for the summer, didn’t they? 7. Did they enjoy the film? 8. The film was dubbed, wasn’t it? 9. How did they like Smoktunovsky’s acting? 10. Were the colours good? 11. Who is Mr Wilson’s favourite Russian writer?

Exercise 13. Make the necessary substitutions and reproduce the dialogues.

1. A: Mr Petrov has lectured on Russian literature to our students this month.

B: How did you like his lectures?

A: They were excellent.

(A: Mr Wilson, on English literature; Mr Bell on French literature)

2. A: Did you like the film?

B: I enjoyed it.

(A: the novel, the book, the ballet)

3. A: Could you come to see us next Saturday?

B: We’d love to. We’ve been very busy lately and haven’t gone out much. Thank you very much.

(A: Friday, Sunday)

4. A: I know you like reading books.

B: Oh yes, I’m fond of reading.

(A: driving a car, watching TV, playing chess;

B: driving, watching TV, playing chess)

5. A: When did he call you up?

B: I was about to leave for work when he called me up.

(A: get up, come back; B: got up, came back)

Exercise 14. Insert articles where necessary.

1. It’s ... French film, isn’t it? 2. Mr Wilson is ... lecturer at ... Edinburgh University. 3. Mr Black answered ... call. 4. The Greens came to Moscow about ... year ago at ... invitation of Moscow University. 5. We have invited ... Petrovs to have dinner with us. 6. Would you like to go to ... cinema? They’re showing ... new film at ... Metropole. My brother has already seen it. He enjoyed it very much. 7. ... film is excellent. ... colours are beautiful and ... acting is wonderful. 8. ... Browns were about to leave for ... London Airport when ... telephone rang.

Exercise 15. Insert prepositions and adverbs.

l. "Do the Sedovs often go ...?" "No, they don’t. Mr Sedov has been very busy lately." 2. "When did you go ... the cinema?" "I went ... the cinema the day ... yesterday." 3. "Have you got any plans ... the summer? "No, I haven’t. And what ... you?" "I haven’t either." 4. "Have you talked ... Mr Petrov ... his work?" "No, not yet." 5. "What is Mrs Brown?" "She’s a teacher ... French ... school." 6. Mr Green lectures ... English literature ... Moscow University. He came... Moscow ... two years ago. 7. "I’m fond ... Leo Tolstoy’s novels. He is my favourite Russian writer," said Mr Green. 8. When the telephone rang she went ... the sitting-room to answer the call.

Exercise 16. Ask questions based on the text and answer them.

Exercise 17. Give a summary of the text "Going Out ".

Exercise 18. Open the brackets and use the verbs in Present Perfect or Simple Past.

1. Last Sunday my friend (to invite) me to have lunch and then to go to the cinema together. "It (to be) nice of you to ask me. I (to be) very busy lately and (not to go) out much," I said to him. 2. He (to be) in the bathroom when the telephone (to ring). 3. "Can he speak English well?" Yes, he can. He (to stay) in England for three years and (to study) English literature at Oxford University". 4. "He (to teach) ever at school?" "Yes. It (to be) fifteen years ago." 5. "You (to buy) an excellent present for Peter." "I’m glad you like it." 6. "Who (to answer) the call when Mr Brown (to ring) you up?" "My sister did."

Exercise 19. Ask questions to which the italicized words are the answers.

1. She enjoys teaching at school. (2) 2. Tikhonovs acting was marvellous. (1) 3. Peter is fond of buying presents for his friends. (2) 4. The Orlovs haven’t gone out much lately. (1).

Exercise 20. Translate into English.

1. Павловы редко ходят в гости. Их дочь болеет последнее время. 2. Пойдемте в кино сегодня вечером. — Очень любезно с вашей стороны пригласить меня, но, к сожалению, я не могу. У меня очень много работы. 3. Звонит телефон. Это, должно быть, Николай. Он хотел позвонить нам в семь вечера. 4. Вы читали последний роман Хеллера (Heller)? — Да, я прочел его в прошлом месяце. — Как он вам понравился? — Замечательный роман. 5. Кто ваш любимый английский писатель? — Сноу. Я очень люблю читать его романы. 6. Вам понравился фильм, не так ли? — Да, фильм изумительный. 7. Вы уже поговорили с ним о планах на лето? — Нет еще. 8. Когда мы вышли из универмага, мы увидели Петровых. 9. Что вы делали на уроке (в течение урока)? — Мы переводили текст с русского языка на английский, задавали вопросы и отвечали на них, затем побеседовали о последнем романе Айтматова. 10. Питер Браун читает лекции по французскому искусству в Оксфордском университете. Он замечательный лектор. 11. Трудно ли научиться разговорному английскому языку? — Думаю, что да. 12. Он только собирался позвонить мне, как пришли его друзья.

Exercise 21. Answer these questions and sum up the answers.

a) 1. Do you often go out? 2. Have you often gone out lately? 3. Do you ever invite friends to dinner? 4. When did you invite friends to dinner? 5. Are you going to invite any friends to your birthday party?

b) 1. Do you often go to the cinema? 2. What films have you seen this month? 3. Which of them did you like? 4. Who is your favourite actor?

Exercise 22. Маке up situations using the words given below.

a) Invitation to Dinner: to ring up, to answer a call, to invite, it’s very nice of you to ..., I’d love to

b) Two Friends Talk about Their Plans for ...: to meet, to talk about, plans for, together, I want you to go.

c) A Talk about Film: favourite, wonderful, subtitles, you know, to go on to say.

Exercise 23. a) Make up stories on these topics. b) Write a story on one of the topics.

1. Going out. 2. A visit to the cinema. 3. What I have done this week.

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