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CLASSIFICATION OF EARTH-MOVING MACHINERY

Highway construction machinery can be divided into categories:

1. Earth-moving machinery;

2. Road-building machinery;

3. Concrete mixing and placing machinery.

Earth moving is accomplished with bulldozers, escavators, scrapers, motor graders and loaders.

Site preparation and excavation are the most fully mechanized of all the operations in building construction. Most excavating machinery is heavy and slow-moving and must be carried from site to site on special transporters.

Plant for site preparation and excavation can be divided into four classes. Fiest, machines which plane off a thin layer of soil and push it in front of them. Second, machines which plane off a thin layer of soil, at the same time picking it up and carrying it where required. Third, machines which dig out soil by some form of a bucket, and load it for transportation into separate vehicles. Fourth, machines designed specially for trenching by means of a number buckets mounted either on a continuous chain or on a wheel.

In the first class are bulldozers of different types. A bulldozer is an earth-moving machine which carries out its work with the aid of a blade mounted on a tractor of either. Crawler or wheel type.

A scraper, which belongs to the second class of earth-moving machines, is simply a large box with an open mouth, dragged along the surface of the ground until it is full. There is a considerable variety of the scrapers.

Revolving shovels belong to the third class of earth-moving machines, made their first appearance in 1835.

1. Into what categories can highway construction machinery be divided?

2. What are the characteristic features of most excavating machinery?

3. Into what classes can the plant for site preparation and excavation be divided?

2. Кратко охарактеризуйте каждый класс землеройно-транспортного оборудования.

Словарь

EARTH_MOVING MACHINERY-землеройно-транспортная техника EXCAVATION- земляные работы BUCKET- ковш PLANE OFF- снимать слой DIG OUT- копать REVOLVING SHOVEL- поворотная лопата

SITE-строительная площадка PLANT- механическое оборудование TRENCHING- рытье траншей DRAG- тащить MOUNT- монтировать LOADER- погрузчик

Вариант 6

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TRANSPORTATION AND ROADS.

Transportation is a system consisting of three components: 1)driver 2)vehicle 3) road. Whenever any one of these three components fails, the whole system fail.

1. Driver. Of all components driver is the most powerful component influencing safety on the road. Studies show that 86% of the serious accidents are caused by drivers.

2. Vehicle. This component also plays a vital part in determining safety on roads. Just like an unsafe driver, an unsafe vehicle is a source of constant danger in a road transportation system. With the growing percentage of old vehicles the risk of accidents on road grows considerably. This risk could be minimized by eliminating unsafe vehicles from roads. One way of doing it is to carry out periodical inspection of old vehicles.

3.Road.To ensure maximum safety for the transportation system ,it is very necessary to plan and design highways on modern engineering techniques. It is possible to obtain maximum safety on highways by controlling their geometry, providing sight distances for the speeds, which is desirable to obtain on these highways.

The traffic on the road has completely alerted within the last twenty-five years and therefore the existing system of roads in many countries should also be changed, in order to meet modern requirements. The modern trend is towards national and consequently uniform planning, design and construction.

1. What are the three main components of transportation?

2. Which of the three components is the most important?

3. Why is it necessary to inspect the old vehicles periodically?

4. How should highways be designed to ensure safety?

5. Why should the existing system of roads be changed?