3. Morphemic types of words

According to the number of morphemes words are classified into:

1) Monomorphic;

2) polymorphic.

Monomorphic or root-words consist of only one root-morpheme (small, dog, make). Polymorphic words according to the number of root-morphemes are classified into

a) monoradical (one-root morpheme) and b) polyradical (words consisting of two or more roots).

Monoradical words fall into three subtypes:

a) Radical-suffixal words, i.e. words consisting of one root-morpheme and one or more suffixal morphemes (e.g. acceptable,acceptability);

b) radical-prefixal words, i.e. words consisting of one root-morpheme and a prefixal morpheme (e.g. outdo, unbutton);

c} prefixo-radical-suffixal words, i.e. words which consist of one root and prefixal and suffixal morphemes (e.g. disagreeable, misinterpretation)

Polyradical words fall into two subtypes:

1) polyradical words which consist of two or more roots with no affixational morphemes (e.g. book-stand, lamp-shade)',

2) polyradical words which contain at least two roots and one or more affixational morphemes (e.g. safety-pin, light-mindedness, pen-holder)

4. Types of word-segmentabiuty

Three types of morphemic segmentability of words are distinguished: complete, conditional, defective.

Complete segmentability is characteristic of a great number of words, the morphemic structure of which is transparent enough, as their individual morphemes clearly stand out within the word and can be easily isolated. The morphemes making up words of complete segmentability are called morphemes proper or full morphemes. The transparent morphemic structure of the segmentable words endless, useless is conditioned by the fact that their constituent morphemes recur with the same meaning in a number of other words: an end, to end; use, to use and nameless, powerless.

Conditional segmentability characterizes words whose segmentation into the constituent morphemes is doubtful for semantic reasons. In the words retain, detain or receive, deceive the sound- clusters — [n-], [di-] seem to be singled out quite easily due to their recurrence in a number of words. On the other hand, they have nothing in common with the phonetically identical morphemes re-, de- which are found in the words rewrite, reorganise, decode, deorganize. Neither the sound-clusters [ri-], [di-] nor the [-tein], [-si:v] possess any lexical or part-of-speech meaning of their own. The types of meaning that can be ascribed to them is differential and distributional: the [n-] distinguishes retain from detain and the [-tern] distinguishes retain from receive, whereas their order and arrangement point to the status of the re-, de- as different from that of the -tain and –ceive within the structure of the words. The morphemes making up words of conditional segmentability do not rise to the status of full morphemes for semantic reasons and that is why are called pseudo-morphemes or quasi-morphemes.

Defective segmentability is the property of words whose component morphemes seldom or never recur in other words. One of the component morphemes of these words is a unique morpheme in the sense that it does not recur in a different linguistic environment.

A unique morpheme is isolated and understood as meaningful because the constituent morphemes display a more or less clear denotational meaning. In the word hamlet (деревушка) the morpheme -let has the meaning of diminutiveness. This morpheme occurs in the words ringlet, leaflet, streamlet. The sound-cluster [h m-] that is left after the isolation of the morpheme -let does not recur in any other English word. The morpheme ham- carries a differential and distributional meaning as it distinguishes hamlet from streamlet, ringlet. This morpheme is qualified as unique.

LECTURE 4 Types of word formation

1 Word-formation is the system of derivative types of words and the process of creating new words from the material available in the language after certain structural and semantic formulas and patterns.

Minor types of modem word-formation: blending, sound interchange, sound imitation, distinctive stress, and back-formation.

Blending is the formation of a new word by combining parts of two words. Blends may be of two types: 1) additive type that may be transformed into a phrase consisting of complete stems combined by the conjunction and, e. g. smog — sm(oke) and (f)og; 2) restrictive type that transformed into a phrase, the first element of which serves as a modifier for the second, e.g.: telecast — television broadcast.

Sound imitation (or onomatopoeia) is the naming of an action or a thing a more or less exact reproduction of the sound associated with it cock-a-doodle-do (English) — Kу-кa-pe-Ky (Russian).

Semantically, according to the source sound, many onomatopoeic words fall into a few very definite groups: 1) words denoting sounds produced by human beings in the process of communication or expressing their feelings e.g. chatter, babble; 2) words denoting sounds produced by animals, birds, insects, e.g. moo, croak, buzz; 3) words imitating the sounds of water, the noise of metallic things, a forceful motion, e.g. splash, clink, whip, swing.

Back -formation is the formation of a new word by subtracting a real or supposed suffix from the existing words. The process is based on analogy.

For example, the word to butle 'to act or serve as a butler' is derived by subtraction of -er from a supposedly verbal stem in the noun butler

Distinctive stress is the formation of a word by means of the shift of the stress in the source word, cf: 'increase (n) — in'crease (v), 'absent -ab'sent (v).