Xanthurenic acid is a product of metabolism of:

*A. Tryptophan

B. Uric acid

C. Xanthine

D. Glucuronic asid

E. Urea

Human red blood cells do not contain mitochondria. What is the main pathway for ATP production in these cells?

A. Creatine kinase reaction

B. *Anaerobic glycolysis

C. Cyclase reaction

D. Aerobic glycolysis

E. Oxidative phosphorylation

A 67-year-old male patient consumes eggs, pork fat, butter, milk and meat. Bleed test results: cholesterol – 12.3 mmol/l, total lipids – 8.2 g/l, increased low-density lipoprotein fraction (LDL). What type of hyperlipoproteinemia is observed in the patient?

A. Hyporlipoproteinemia type I.

B. Hyperlipoproteinemia type IV

C. Cholesterol, hyperlipoproteinemia

D. Hyperlipoproteinemia type IIa

E. *Hyperlipoproteinemia type IIb

Feces of the patient contain high amount of undissociated fats and have grayish-white color. Specify the cause of this phenomenon:

A. Hypovitaminosis

B. *Obturation of bile duct

C. Irritation of intestinal epithelium

D. Enteritis

E. Hypoactivation of pepsin by hydrochloric acid

A 39-year-old female patient with a history of diabetes was hospitalized in a comatose state for diabetic ketoacidosis. This condition had been caused by an increase of the following metabolite level:

A. Alpha-ketoglutarate

B. Citrate

C. *Acetoacetate

D. Malonate

E. Aspartate

It has been found out that one of pesticide components is sodium arsenate that blocks lipoic acid. What enzyme activity is impaired by this pesticide?

A. Glutathione reductase

B. *Pyruvate dehydrogenase complex

C. Glutathione peroxidase

D. Methemoglovin reductase

E. Microsomal oxidation

Those organisms which in the process of evolution failed to protection from H₂O₂ can exist only in anaerobic conditions. Which of the following enzymes can break hydrogen peroxide down?

A. Oxygenase and hydroxylase

B. Oxygenase and catalase

C. Cytochrome oxidase, cytochrome b5

D. Flavin-dependent oxidase

E. *Peroxidase and catalase

A child has a history of hepatomegaly, hypoglycemia, seizures, especially on an empty stomach, and in stressful situations. The child is diagnosed with Gierke’s disease. This disease is caused by the generic defect of the following enzyme:

A. Glucokinase

B. Glycogen phosphorulase

C. Amyloid-1,6-glycosidase

D. Phosphoglucomutase

E. *Glucose-6-phosphatase

Disruption of nerve fiber myelinogenesis causes neurological disorders and mental retardation. These symptoms are typical for hereditary and acquired alterations in the metabolism of:

A. Phosphatidic acid

B. Cholesterol

C. *Sphingolipids

D. Neutral fats

E. Higher fatty acids

Prolonged fasting causes hypoglycemia which is amplified by alcohol consumption, as the following process is inhibited:

A. Proteolysis

B. Glycogenolysis

C. *Gluconeogenesis

D. Lipolysis

E. Glycolysis

Steatosis is caused by the accumulation of triacylglycerols in hepatocytes. One of the mechanisms of this disease development is a decrease in the utilization of VLDL neutral fat. What lipotropic factors intake with food prevent the development of steatosis?

A. Valine, B₃, B₂

B. Arginine, B₂, B₃

C. Alanine B_1, PP

D. *Methionine, B₆, B₁₂

E. Isoleucine, B₁, B₂

Examination of a 56-year-old female patient with a history of type 1 diabetes revealed a disorder of protein metabolism that is manifested by aminoacidemia in the laboratory blood test values, and clinically by the delayed wound healing and decreased synthesis of antibodies. Which of the following mechanisms causes the development of aminoacidemia?

A. *Increased proteolysis

B. Decrease in the concentration of amino acids in blood

C. Albuminosis

D. Increase in the oncotic pressure in the blood plasma

E. Increase in low-density lipoprotein level

A patient with hereditary hyperammonemia due to a disorder of Ornithine cycle has developed secondary orotaciduria. The increased synthesis of orotic acid is caused by an increase in the following metabolite of Ornithine cycle:

A. *Carbamoyl phosphate

B. Citrulline

C. Argininosuccinate

D. Urea

E. Ornithine

A drycleaner’s worker has been found to have hepatic steatosis. This pathology may be caused by the disruption of synthesis of the following substance:

A. *Phosphatidylcholine

B. Cholic acid

C. Tristearateglycerol

D. Urea

E. Phosphatidic acid

Pancreas is known as a missed gland. Endocrine functions include production of insulin by beta cells. This hormone affects the metabolism of carbohydrates. What is its effect upon the activity of glycogen phosphorylase (GP) and glycogen synthase (GS)?

A. It does not affect the activity of GP and GS

B. *It suppresses GP and stimulates GS

C. It stimulates GP and suppresses GS

D. It suppresses both GP and GS

E. It stimulates both GP and GS