The vegetable oils are the obligatory components of man ration as they contain some essential fatty acids. Choose them:

A. Acetic and butyric acids

B. Stearic and palmitic acids

*C. Linoleic and linolenic acids

D. Palmitooleic and oleic acids

E. Citric and fumaric acids

Examination of a man who hadn’t been consuming fats but had been getting enough carbohydrates and proteins for long time revealed dermatitis, poor wound healing, vision impairment. What is the probable cause of metabolic disorder?

A. Lack of oleic acid

B. Low caloric value of diet

C. Lack of vitamins PP, H

D. Lack of palmitic acid

*E. Lack of linoleic acid, vitamins A, D, E, K.

Find out the values for total acidity of gastric juice associated with hypochlorhydria in patient:

A. 40 mmol/L

*B. 20 mmol/L

C. 55 mmol/L

D. 60 mmol/L

E. 50 mmol/L

Point out the endopeptidase that is produced by pancreas and is activated by trypsin:

A. Renin

B. Gastricsin

C. Pepsinogen

D. Alpha-Amylase

*E. Proelastase

Name the enzyme whose function is associated with digestion of polysaccharides in the small intestine:

A. Rennin

*B. Alpha-amylase

C. Elastase

D. Pepsinogen

E. Maltase

The stone of a general bile duct stopped the entrance of bile to the intestine of the patient. Specify the process, whose infringement will be observed:

A. Protein digestion

B. Carbohydrates digestion

*C. Fats digestion

D. Protein digestion

E. Carbohydrates absorption

Point out the class of enzymes that catalyze the digestion of proteins in gastro-intestinal tract:

A. Ligases

B. Lyases

C. Transferases

*D. Hydrolases

E. Oxidoreductases

The bile acids participate in:

A. The cholesterol synthesis

B. The activation of trypsin

C. The ketone bodies synthesis

*D. The lipids emulsification

E. The protein transport activation

A 30-year-old woman was diagnosed with insufficiency of exocrine function of pancreas. Hydrolysis of what nutrients will be disturbed?

A. Proteins, only

*B. Proteins, fats, carbohydrates

C. Fats, carbohydrates, only

D. Proteins, fats, only

E. Proteins, carbohydrates, only

Some carbohydrates can't be digested in the intestine. Point out one of them:

*A. Cellulose

B. Maltose

C. Glycogen

D. Sucrose

E. Starch

Lipase requires special conditions for its activity. Choose a factor that isn’t optimum for this purpose:

A. Phospholipids

B. Colipase

C. Bile salts

*D. pH=2.0

E. pH=8.0

Trypsin is found in functions as activator for some zymogens produced by pancreas. Choose them:

A. Chymotrypsinogen

*B. All that is placed

C. Procarboxylase B

D. Proelastase

E. Procarboxylase A

After intake of rich food a patient feels nausea and sluggishness; with time signs of steatorrhea there appeared. Blood cholesterol concentration is 9.2 mmole/l. That condition was caused by lack of:

A. Fatty acids

B. Triglycerides

C. Chylomicrons

*D. Bile acids

E. Phospholipids

Point out the group of peptidases which trypsin is belong to:

A. Amino peptidase

B. Carboxypeptidase

C. Dipeptidase

D. Exopeptidase

*E. Endopeptidase

A patient complains of frequent diarrheas, especially after consumption of fattening food and of the body weight loss. Laboratory examination revealed steatorrhea; hypocholic feces. What may be the cause of this condition?

A. Lack of pancreatic phospholipase

B. Unbalanced diet

*C. Obturation of biliary tracts

D. Mucous membrane inflammation of small intestine

E. Lack of pancreatic lipase

This disorder may be genetic or acquired. Affected infants are not able to tolerate milk, which is normally their primary food. Point out the name of disorder:

A. Galactosemia

*B. Lactose intolerance

C. Galactose intolerance

D. Fructosuria

E. Glucose intolerance

Point out the activator of secretin production in duodenum:

A. Chymotrypsin

B. Gastricsin

C. Trypsin

*D. Hydrochloric acid

E. Pepsin

Choose the enzyme that takes part in the gastric digestion of carbohydrates:

A. Amylo-1,6-glycosidase

B. Oligo-1,6-glycosidase

*C. There's no any enzyme for carbohydrates digestion in stomach

D. Salivary amylase

E. Sucrase

The only sugar absorbed by intestine against a concentration gradient is:

A. Galactose

B. Xylose

*C. Glucose

D. Mannose

E. Fructose

Point out the couple of amino acids participating in the formation of peptide bond that is cleaved by trypsin:

A. Alanine, valine

B. Leucine, valine

C. Glycine, Glutamine

D. Isoleucine, alanine

*E. Arginine, lysine

Point out the amino acids whose peptide bonds are hydrolyzed by pepsin and chymotrypsin:

*A. Aromatic amino acids

B. Alcoholic acids

C. Sulfur-containing amino acids

D. Diamino acids

E. Amides of monocarboxylic acids

Achlorhydria (achylia) state is observed in patient with stomach problems. Propose probable reason for the development of this state and probable values for free HCL content in the gastric juice of this patient:

A. Colitis; [free HCL]=60 mmole/L

B. Obstruction of esophagus; [free HCL]=20 mmole/L

C. Extensive secretion of gastric juice; [free HCL]=60 mmole/L

*D. Cancer of stomach; [free HCL]= 0 mmole/L

E. Disturbed pepsinogen synthesis; [free HCL]=10 mmole/L

Choose the condition in human organism which can cause the beginning of gluconeogenesis in the liver:

*A. Hypoglycemia

B. The decrease of diuresis

C. The hypoxia of liver tissue

D. Hyperglycemia

E. The bile ducts obstruction

The functions of gluconeogenesis are described by all of the following statements EXCEPT:

A. It maintains blood sugar levels during fasting

B. It allows the use of amino acids for glucose production

C. It maintains blood glucose level during period of limited carbohydrate intake

D. It is useful during strenuous exercises

*E. It allows the use of acetyl-CoA for glucose production

Which compound does not contribute to the net formation of glucose during gluconeogenesis in man?

A. Glycerol

B. Lactate

*C. Acetyl-CoA

D. Glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate

E. Oxaloacetate

Which statement about gluconeogenesis is correct?

A. ATP is not required for the process

B. Phosphofructokinase I is the rate-limiting enzyme of gluconeogenesis.

C. It occurs primarily in skeletal muscle.

D. The acetate group of acetyl-CoA is used for the net synthesis of glucose

*E. Lactate and alanine can both serve as substrates.

Which of the ions is the most important for glycolysis?:

A. Aurum

B. Cobalt

*C. Magnesium

D. Zink

E. Calcium

Which one of the following enzymes is common to both glycolysis and gluconeogenesis?

A. Pyruvate carboxylase

B. Pyruvate kinase

C. Hexokinase

D. Fructose-1,6-bisphosphatase

*E. Phosphoglycerate kinase

Gluconeogenesis occurs in the liver and:

A. Skeletal muscle

*B. Kidney

C. Spleen

D. Heart

E. Adipose tissue

Choose the yields a net for 1 mole of glucose oxidation by anaerobic glycolysis:

A. 2 moles of pyruvate, 2 moles of NADH, 2 moles of ATP

B. 2 moles of lactate, 2 moles of NAD+, 2 moles of ATP

C. 2 moles of pyruvate and 2 moles of ATP

D. 2 moles of lactate and 6 moles of ATP

*E. 2 moles of lactate and 2 moles of ATP

Choose the key enzymes of gluconeogenesis:

*A. Pyruvate carboxylase, phosphoenolpyruvatecarboxykinase, fructose-1,6-bisphosphatase

B. Phosphohexoseisomerase, phosphoglycerate kinase, aldolase I

C. Hexokinase, phosphofructokinase, pyruvate kinase

D. Glucokinase, phosphotrioseisomerase, lactate dehydrogenase

E. Citrate synthase, isocitratedehydrohenase, alpha-ketoglutarate dehydrogenase

Name the factors which are important to regulate the anaerobic glycolysis duration:

A. NADH/NAD[sup]+[/sup] ratio in a cell

B. Oxygen level in tissue

C. Fructose-2.6-biphosphate level

D. ATP/ADP ratio in a cell

*E. All the factors mentioned

A deficiency in the vitamin Biotin leads to a deficiency in the activity of certain enzyme of gluconeogenesis. Point out the enzyme:

A. Glucose 6-phosphatase

B. Phosphoenolpyruvatecarboxykinase

C. Phosphoglycerate kinase

D. Fructose-1,6-bisphosphatase

*E. Pyruvate carboxylase

What enzyme catalyzes the glucose-6-phosphate formation from glucose in the liver and is not inhibited by excess level of glucose-6-phosphate:

A. Hexokinase

*B. Glucokinase

C. Phosphoglucomutase

D. Glucose-6-phosphatase

E. Pyruvate kinase

Diseases of the respiratory system and circulatory disorders impair the transport of oxygen, thus leading to hypoxia. Under these conditions the energy metabolism is carried out by anaerobic glycolysis. As a result, the following substance is generated and accumulated in blood:

A. Citric acid

B. Glutamic acid

*C. Lactic acid

D. Pyruvic acid

E. Fumaric acid

Name the energy effect of anaerobic glycolysis per 1 mole of glucose incorporated into the process:

*A. 2 ATP

B. 8 ATP

C. 10 ATP

D. 5 ATP

E. 3 ATP

The gluconeogenesis is activated in the liver after intensive physical trainings .What substance is utilized in gluconeogenesis first of all in this case:

A. Glucose

B. Glutamate

C. Alanine

*D. Lactate

E. Pyruvate

Gluconeogenesis from lactate does not require activity of:

A. Triose phosphate isomerase.

B. Phosphoglycerate kinase.

C. Glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate dehydrogenase.

*D. Phosphofructokinase.

E. Aldolase.

The genetic defect of pyruvate carboxylase deficiency is the cause of delayed physical and mental development and early death in children. This defect is characterized by lacticemia, lactaciduria, disorders of a number of metabolic pathways. In particular, the following processes are inhibited:

A. Glycogenesis and glycogenolysis

B. Pentose phosphate pathway and glycolysis

*C. Citric acid cycle and gluconeogenesis

D. Lipolysis and lipogenesis

E. Glycolysis and glycogenolysis

The intensive muscular work increases the velocity of the ATP utilization and causes the activation of glycolysis. What enzyme activity will limit its rate?

A. Glucose-6-phosphate isomerase

*B. Phosphofructokinase

C. Phosphoglyceromutase

D. Aldolase

E. Phosphoglycerate kinase

Which of the following compounds is an allosteric activator that enhances activity of phosphofructokinase I of the glycolytic pathway?

A. Citric acid

B. Adenosine triphosphate (ATP)

C. Glucose-6-phosphate

D. Glucose

*E. Adenosine monophosphate (AMP)

Which one of the following enzymes catalyzes phosphorylation with the use of inorganic phosphate?

A. Pyruvate kinase

B. Phosphofructokinase

*C. Glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase

D. Phosphoglycerate kinase

E. Hexokinase

Choose the key (regulatory) enzymes of glycolysis:

A. Fructose-1,6-bisphosphatase, phosphoenolpyruvatecarboxykinase, pyruvate carboxylase

B. Citrate synthase, isocitratedehydrohenase, alpha-ketoglutarate dehydrogenase

C. Phosphohexoseisomerase, phosphoglycerate kinase, aldolase I

*D. Hexokinase, phosphofructokinase, pyruvate kinase

E. Glucokinase, phosphotrioseisomerase, lactate dehydrogenase

There is one organic compound in the list below to inhibit phosphofructokinase I if this compound is accumulated in cytoplasm. Name it:

A. Succinate

*B. ATP

C. Glyceroaldehyde 3-phosphate

D. Pyruvate

E. Fructose-6-phosphate

The activity of pyruvate carboxylase is dependent upon the positive allosteric effector:

A. Isocitrate

B. Citrate

*C. Acetyl CoA

D. Succinate

E. AMP

A 7-year-old girl has signs of anemia. Laboratory examination revealed pyruvate kinase deficiency in the erythrocytes. What process disturbance plays the main role in anemia development?

A. Peroxide decomposition

B. Oxidative phosphorylation

*C. Anaerobic glycolysis

D. Tissue respiration

E. Amino acids desamination

Find out the location of glucose-6-phosphatase in human tissues:

A. Liver, only

B. Gonads, only

*C. Liver, kidney

D. Skeletal muscular tissue

E. Myocardium

Name, please, the liver enzyme needed for lactate utilization in gluconeogenesis:

*A.

B. NAD-dependent Lactate Dehydrogenase

C. Pyruvate dehydrogenase

D. Glucose-6-phosphatase

E. NADH-dependent Lactate Dehydrogenase

F. Lactonase

Choose the enzyme for the reaction of glucose formation due to dephosphorylation:

A. Glucokinase

*B. Glucose-6-phosphatase

C. Aldolase

D. Hexokinase

E. Phosphofructokinase

Choose the energy requirement (sum total of ATP; to think about GTP use as ATP use) for glucose synthesis from 2 moles of pyruvic acid:

A. 1 ATP

B. 3 ATP

*C. 6 ATP

D. 2 ATP

E. 4 ATP

A child has got galactosemia. Concentration of glucose in blood has not considerably changed. Deficiency of what enzyme caused this illness?

A. Amylo-l,6-glucosidase

*B. Galactose-1-phosphate uridyltransferase

C. Fructokinase

D. Hexokinase

E. Phosphoglucomutase

A child with galactosemia is referred to an opthalmologist for evaluation of developing cataracts, probably caused by the accumulation of galactose and its alcohol galactitol. Choose the enzyme catalyzing the transformation of galactose to galacitol:

A. Galactokinase

*B. Aldose reductase

C. Galactose 1-phosphate uridyltransferase

D. Aldolase B

E. Glucokinase

Choose the INCORRECT statement concerning functions of the pentose phosphate pathway:

A. It is a source of NADPH for reductive pathways

B. It is a source of pentoses for nucleic acids synthesis

C. It is a route for conversion of pentoses from degradated nucleotides to intermediates of glycolysis

D. It is a route for the use of pentoses and for their conversion to hexoses and trioses

*E. It is a source of ATP for reductive pathways

The aerobic oxidation of carbohydrates includes the oxidative decarboxylation of pyruvate. Specify the inhibitor (in high concentration) for this reaction:

A. ADP

B. NADP[sup]+[/sup]

C. NAD[sup]+[/sup]

D. FAD

*E. Acetyl-SCoA

Pyruvate concentration in the patient’s urine is increased 10 times than the normal level. Choose the Vitamin, the deficiency of which in the organism can be the reason of this change:

A. Vitamin B[sub]6[/sub]

*B. Vitamin B[sub]1[/sub]

C. Vitamin E

D. Vitamin C

E. Vitamin A

Name the second stage of aerobic glucose oxidation in tissues:

A. Pyruvate formation

B. Krebs Cycle

C. Acetyl-SCоA carboxylation

*D. Oxidative decarboxylation of pyruvate

E. Alpha-ketoglutarate formation

Point out the multienzyme system used in aerobic oxidation of glucose up to carbon dioxide and water formation:

*A. Alpha-ketoglutarate dehydrogenase complex

B. Glutamate dehydrogenase complex

C. Palmitate synthetase

D. Glucose-6-Phosphate dehydrogenase complex

E. Succinate dehydrogenase complex

Pyruvate dehydrogenase complex contains all cofactors except one. Choose it:

A. FAD

B. Lipoamide

C. CoASH

D. NAD[sup]+[/sup]

*E. Biotin

NADPH is used for next application EXCEPT:

A. Glutathione defense system against injury by reactive oxygen species

*B. Glucose synthesis

C. Cholesterol synthesis

D. Fatty acid biosynthesis

E. Monooxygenase system linked with cytochrome P450

Immediate products of pyruvate metabolism (using one reaction only) are all except:

*A. 2-Phosphoglycerate

B. Lactate

C. Alanine

D. Oxaloacetate

E. Acetyl-CoA

Point out the multienzyme system where enzymes form a single structural-functional complex:

*A. Pyruvate dehydrogenase complex

B. Enzymes of Krebs cycle

C. Glucose-6-Phosphate dehydrogenase

D. Carbamoyl phosphate synthetase

*E.

F. Glutamate dehydrogenase

Which enzyme is present in the liver but not in muscle?

A. Lactate dehydrogenase

B. Pyruvate dehydrogenase

C. Glycogen phosphorylase

D. Hexokinase

*E. Glucose 6-phosphatase

Which of the following compounds is required by transketolase for maximal activity?

A. Acetyl-CoA

*B. Thiamine pyrophosphate

C. Biotin

D. Dihydroxyacetone phosphate

E. Coenzyme A

Biochemical test in thiamine deficiency may be:

A. Histidine test

B. Ferric chloride test

*C. Erythrocyte transketolase test

D. Cholesterol test

E. Glucose test

Malate-aspartate shuttle system is required for:

A. Embden-Meyerhoff pathway

B. Gluconeogenesis

*C. Reducing equivalent (NADH) transport into mitochondria

D. Alanine transport into mitochondria

E. Pentose phosphate pathway

Point out the substrate that is used as major energy source for brain:

A. Alanine

B. Phospholipid

*C. Glucose

D. Fatty acid

E. Ketone body

Sites where Hexose monophosphate shunt can occur include:

A. Liver

B. White Blood Cells (WBC)

*C. All the proposed

D. Lactating mammary gland

E. Testes

A child’s blood has high content of galactose, glucose concentration is low. There are such presentations as cataract, mental deficiency, adipose degeneration of liver. What disease is it?

A. Lactosemia

B. Fructosemia

*C. Galactosemia

D. Steroid diabetes

E. Diabetes mellitus

Insulin decreases the rate of gluconeogenesis by suppressing of one the following enzymes. Point out this enzyme:

A. Pyruvate kinase

B. Phosphofructokinase

*C. Pyruvate carboxylase

D. Glycogen synthase

E. Hexokinase

Which of the following statements about glycogen metabolism is true?

A. Cyclic AMP–activated protein kinase stimulates glycogen synthase

B. Glycogen synthesis is stimulated by glucagon

C. Glycogen phosphorylase b is inactivated by phosphorylation

D. Epinephrine and glucagon can low cAMP levels in cytoplasma thus stimulating glycogenolysis

*E. Glycogen phosphorylase kinase is activated by phosphorylation

A liver biopsy has been made for child with hepatomegaly and mild fasting hypoglycemia. Hepatocytes contant shows the accumulation of glycogen granules with single glucose residues remaining at the branch points near the periphery of the granule. The most likely genetic disorder in this child is associated with the defect in:

*A. Amylo alpha-1,6 glucosidase (debranching enzyme)

B. Lysosomal alpha-1,4 glucosidase

C. Glycogen phosphorylase

D. Glucosyl -4:6 transferase (branching enzyme)

E. Phosphoglucomutase

The tissue with the highest glycogen content (mg/100g of tissue) is:

A. Skeletal muscle

B. Brain

C. Testes

D. Kidney

*E. Liver

Inherited disease, such as mucopolysaccharidosis, is manifested in metabolic disorders of connective tissue, bone and joint pathologies. The sign of this disease is the excessive urinary excretion of the following substance:

A. Lipids

*B. Glycosaminoglycans

C. Amino acids

D. Glucose

E. Urea

What glycolytic enzyme synthesis is stimulated due to insulin:

*A. Hexokinase IV

B. Aldolase

C. Glucose-6-phosphatase

D. Adenylate kinase

E. Phosphoglycerate kinase

Point out the enzyme that breaks beta1-->4 linkages in hyaluronic acid and other glycosaminoglycans?

A. Cellulase

B. Lactase

C. Glycogen synthase

*D. Hyaluronidase

E. Glycogen phosphorylase

Insulin stimulates all the processes listed below in adipocytes except:

A. Transport of glucose through cell membrane

*B. Glycogenolysis

C. Oxidative decarboxylation of pyruvate

D. Hexose monophosphate shunt

E. Catabolism of glucose

Mucopolysaccharidoses are inherited storage diseases. They are caused by:

*A. Defects in the degradation of proteoglycans

B. All the proposed options are correct

C. An increased rate of synthesis of proteoglycans

D. The synthesis of polysaccharides with an altered structure

E. The synthesis of abnormally small amounts of protein cores

Point out the type of bonds between glucose-monomers in glycogen molecule destroyed by glycogen phosphorylase a:

A. Beta(1-4)-glycosidic bond

B. Alpha?(1-4), alpha ?(1-6)-glycosidic bonds

*C. Only alpha?(1-4)-glycosidic bond

D. ??Alpha ?(1-4),? beta(1-6) -glycosidic bonds

E. Beta(1-4), alpha ?(1-6)-glycosidic bonds

After meals blood glucose enters liver cells and is stored as glycogen, mainly. Which of the following compounds is the donor of new glucose residue in glycogen?

A. UDP-glucose-6-phosphate

B. Glucose-6-phosphate

C. Glucose-4-phosphate

D. UDP-glucose-1-phosphate

*E. UDP-glucose

WHICH one of the following enzymes is associated with glycogen synthesis?

A. Debranching enzyme

B. Phosphorylase kinase

C. Glycogen phosphorylase

D. Glucose-6-phosphatase

*E. Branching enzyme

Blood glucose levels cannot be augmented by mobilization of muscle glycogen due to lack of:

*A. Glucose-6-phosphatase

B. Glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase

C. Glucokinase

D. Hexokinase

E. Aldolase

Choose the hormone whose secretion may be damaged at diabetes mellitus in person:

A. Cortisol

B. Growth hormone

*C. Insulin

D. Progesterone

E. Epinephrine

Choose the substance that can be the terminal product of glycogenolysis in muscles:

*A. Glucose-6-phosphate

B. Glycogen

C. Glucose

D. Pyruvate

E. Fructose

A child is languid, apathetic. Liver is enlarged and liver biopsy revealed a significant amount of glycogen. Glucose concentration in the blood stream is below normal. What is the cause of low glucose levels:

*A. Low {absent} activity of glucose 6-phosphatase

B. Low {absent} activity of hexokinase

C. Deficit of gene that is responsible for the synthesis of glucose 1-phosphate uridine transferase

D. High activity of glycogen synthetase

E. High activity of glycogen phosphorylase in liver

McArdle’s disease development causes muscle cramps and muscle fatigue with increased muscle glycogen in a patient. Which of the following enzymes is deficient?

A. Hepatic hexokinase

*B. Muscle phosphorylase

C. Muscle debranching enzyme

D. Muscle glycogen synthetase

E. Muscle hexokinase

How does epinephrine influence the glucose level in the blood?

A. Decreases, stimulating gluconeogenesis in the liver

*B. Increases, stimulating glycogen breakdown in the liver

C. Decreases, inhibiting the glycogen synthesis in the liver

D. Does not influence

E. Decreases, inhibiting the glycolysis in muscles

What hormone decreases the glucose concentration in the blood, if its value is more than 6.8 mM/L:

A. Thyroxin

B. Testosterone

*C. Insulin

D. Adrenalin

E. Glucagon

Patient with diabetes mellitus experienced loss of consciousness and convulsions after an injection of insulin. What might be the result of biochemical blood analysis for concentration of glucose?

A. 1,5 mmole/L .

B. 5,5 mmole/L

C. 8,0 mmole/L

D. 10 mmole/L

*E. 3,3 mmole/L

Point out the enzyme whose deficiency can cause the Gierke's disease development:

A. Glycogen phosphorylase

B. Alpha-1,4-glycosidase

C. Glycogen-branching enzyme

D. Amylo- 1,6 -glycosidase

*E. Glucose-6-phosphatase

Which glycosaminoglycan is the most abundant in cartilage?

A. Dermatan sulfate

B. Heparan sulfate

*C. Chondroitin sulfate

D. Hyaluronic acid

E. Keratan sulfate

Which of the following metabolites is found in glycogenolysis, glycolysis, and gluconeogenesis?

*A. Glucose-6-phosphate

B. Uridine diphosphoglucose

C. Fructose-6-phosphate

D. Uridine diphosphogalactose

E. Galactose-1-phosphate

Which of the following alterations would be expected to occur after a substantial breakfast?

*A. Decreased rate of glycogenolysis

B. Decreased rate of protein synthesis

C. Increased activity of phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase

D. Increased activity of pyruvate carboxylase

E. Decreased activity of glucokinase

Point out the key enzyme of glycogen degradation in the liver:

A. Glucose oxidase

B. Fructose-1,6-bisphosphatase

C. Glucose-6-phosphatase

*D. Glycogen Phosphorylase

E. Glyceraldehyde-3-phosphatase

A 50-year old patient with food poisoning is on a drip of 10 % glucose solution. It does not provide the body with necessary energy only, but also performs the function of detoxification by the production of a metabolite that participates in the following conjugation reaction:

A. Methylation

B. Sulfation

C. Hydroxylation

*D. Glucuronidation

E. Glycosylation

Find out the pair of enzymes providing the reciprocal control of carbohydrate metabolic pathways:

A. Hexokinase and glucose 6-phosphatase

B. Acetyl CoA carboxylase and pyruvate kinase

C. Branching and debranching enzymes

*D. Glycogen synthase and glycogen phosphorylase

E. Phosphohexose isomerase ang phosphotriose isomerase

A child has been diagnized for low blood glucose (hypoglycemia), enlarged liver (hepatomegaly), and excess fat deposition in the cheeks. A liver biopsy reveals excess glycogen in hepatocytes. There is hypothetically Pompe’s desease. Deficiency of which of the following enzymes might explain this phenotype?

*A. Lysosomal alpha-1,4-glucosidase

B. Amylo alpha-1,6 glucosidase (debranching enzyme)

C. Alpha-1,4-galactosidase

D. Glucosyl -4:6 transferase (branching enzyme)

E. Glucose 6-phosphatase

How glucocorticoids influence the carbohydrate metabolism?

A. Stimulate the glycolysis from glucose

B. Inhibit the glycogen phosphorolysis

*C. Stimulate the gluconeogenesis

D. Stimulate the glycogenesis

E. Stimulate the starch hydrolysis in the small intestine

The most important substances as a source of blood glucose after 48 hours of starvation are:

A. Muscle and liver glycogen

B. Fructose and galactose

C. Liver glucoseaminoglycans

*D. Amino acids

E. Fructose

The investigation of the blood and urine of patient with diabetes mellitus confirmed the hyperglycemia and glucosuria states. Point the available value of glucose concentration in the blood plasma of this patient:

A. 2,54 mmol/l

B. 4,89 mmol/l

*C. 9,32 mmol/l

D. 3,88 mmol/l

E. 6,55 mmol/l

Point out the main process maintaining the blood glucose level during fasting (8–12 hours from person’s last meal):

A. Hexose monophosphate shunt

B. Glycolysis

C. Gluconeogenesis in the muscles

*D. Glycogenolysis in the liver

E. Glycogenolysis in the muscles

How does adrenalin influence the glucose level in the blood?

A. Decreases, inhibiting the glycolysis

*B. Increases, stimulating the glycogen destruction

C. Decreases, stimulating the gluconeogenesis

D. Does not influence

E. Decreases, inhibiting the glycogen synthesis

Glycogen polysaccharide is synthesized from the active form of glucose. The immediate donor of glucose residues during the glycogenesis is:

*A. UDP-glucose

B. Glucose-1-phosphate

C. ADP-glucose

D. Glucose-3-phosphate

E. Glucose-6-phosphate

Choose the separation method for lipoproteins of the blood plasm:

A. Photocolorimetry method

B. Salting-out

*C. Electrophoresis

D. Extraction

E. Radioimmunal Assay

Certain drugs -caffeine and theophylline- inhibit phosphodiesterase activity catalyzing reaction cAMP-->AMP. How will free fatty acid levels are altered in the blood after the drugs injection:

A. Will be not altered

B. Will be decreased simultaneously with glucose

*C. Will be increased

D. Will be decreased

E. Will be increased simultaneously with galactose

The largest reserve of energy in body is stored as:

A. Muscle glycogen

*B. Triacylglycerols in adipose tissue

C. Muscle protein

D. Liver glycogen

E. Blood glucose

Hormone-sensitive triacylglycerol lipase is activated in adipocytes under the emotional stress. Choose the substance, whose concentration is increased in adipose tissue in this state:

*A. cAMP

B. AMP

C. Diacylglycerol

D. cGMP

E. Ca²⁺

Which statement is incorrect about phosphatidylcholine (PC)?

A. PC is an important component of the surface shell of plasma lipoproteins.

B. PC may be synthesized from phosphatidylserine or from diacylglycerol and CDP-choline.

C. PC together with phosphatidylethanolamine and phosphatidylserine are major phospholipid components of cell membranes.

D. PC can be hydrolyzed by phospholipase A2 into lysolecithin and a fatty acid.

*E. PC participates in signal transmission via activated phospholipase C.

Which one of the following properties is not characteristic of LDL?

A. LDL have specific high affinity receptors in most cells

B. LDL contains more cholesteryl esters than triacylglycerols

C. LDL are more dense than chylomicrons

D. LDL is smaller than both VLDL and chylomicrones

*E. The major protein component of LDL is apoB-48

The liver requires a mechanism for producing phosphatidylcholine (PC) because it exports significant amounts of PC in the bile and as component of serum lipoproteins. This mechanism includes three methylation steps to produce PC from phosphatidylethanolamine. What is the methyl group donor for methylation:

*A. S-adenosylmethionine (SAM)

B. Cytidine diphosphate-choline (CDP-choline)

C. N-guanosylmethionine (NGM)

D. Uridine diphosphate-methionine (UDP-methionine)

E. Homosycteine

Synthesis of phospholipids is disordered under the liver fat infiltration. Indicate which of the following substances can enhance the process of methylation during phospholipids synthesis?

A. Glucose

B. Citrate

*C. Methionine

D. Glycerol

E. Ascorbic acid

Point out the lipoprotein class transporting cholesterol from peripheral tissues to the liver:

A. LDL

B. VLDL

C. Cholesterol-albumin complex

D. Chylomicrones

*E. HDL

In electrophoresis which class of lipoproteins will least migrate from start-line:

*A. Chylomicrons

B. LDL

C. HDL

D. VLDL

E. IDL

Which of the following is an activator of LCAT (Lecithin-cholesterol acyltransferase)

*A. Apo AI

B. Apo E

C. Apo B 48

D. Apo B 100

E. Apo CII

In man the serum lipoprotein fraction with the highest free cholesterol content is:

A. Alpha-lipoprotein

B. Chylomicrons

*C. Beta-lipoprotein

D. Pre-beta-lipoprotein

E. Prealbumin

Name the condition in the liver cell causing the triacylglycerol synthesis:

A. The decrease of ATP/ADP ratio

B. The ketone bodies accumulation

*C. The accumulation of high fatty acids

D. The stimulation of protein degradation

E. The accumulation of carbon dioxide

Vitamin F is recommended in order to prevent the cholesterol deposition inside the blood vessels at atherosclerosis. What lipid is the component of this vitamin?

A. Cholesterol

B. Cardiolipid

*C. Linoleic acid

D. Stearic acid

E. Sphingomyelin

If choline moiety is replaced by ethanolamine in glycerophospholipid the net product is:

A. Sphingomyelin

*B. Cephalin

C. Cerebroside

D. Plasmalogen

E. Cardiolipin

Free fatty acids are transported in circulation via:

*A. Albumins

B. Globulins

C. Chylomicrons

D. Triacylglycerols

E. HDL

Which is a lipotropic factor:

A. Alanine

*B. Choline

C. Carnitine

D. Glycerol

E. Insulin

Hormone sensitive triacylglycerol lipase is not activated by one hormone from following list. Point out it.

A. None of above

B. Epinephrine

*C. Insulin

D. Glucagon

E. Norepinephrine

Which statement is a true for the comparison of phospholipids(PL) and triacylglycerols (TAG)?

A. PL contein a cyclic steroid ring, whilst triglycerides maintain a straight-chain form.

*B. PL molecules have a distinctly polar 'head' and a distinctly non-polar 'tail,' whilst triglycerides are predominantly non-polar.

C. Both TAG and PL are the primary storage form for fats in our bodies.

D. Both molecules contain a phosphate group.

E. TAG may be saturated or unsaturated, but all fatty acids in PL structure are saturated

Blood plasma of patient with hyperlipoproteinemia type I remains milky even after a long fast due to markedly elevated and persistent chylomicrons. What abnormality is possible in these patients?

A. Obstruction of the bile duct

B. Deficient pancreatic lipase

C. Deficient lecithin cholesterol acyltransferase (LCAT)

*D. Deficient lipoprotein lipase

E. Defective synthesis of apoB-48

All of the following statements about LDL are true except:

A. It is a marker for cardiovascular disease

B. It contains apo B-100

C. 25% of its content is utilized in the liver

*D. It contains only one apoprotein

E. It delivers cholesterol to cells

What substance is not component of a lipoprotein:

A. Triacylglycerol

B. Cholesterol

C. Phospholipid

*D. Transferrin

E. Apoprotein

The lipids are transported by lipoproteins in the blood. Specify the lipoproteins that are formed in the small intestine wall after high lipids intake:

A. IDL

*B. Chylomicrons

C. LDL

D. VLDL

E. HDL

Point out the enzyme used for lysophospholipid formation during lipolysis of glycerophospholipid:

A. Triacylglycerol lipase

B. Monoacylglycerol lipase

C. Diacylglycerol lipase

D. Phospholipase D

*E. Phospholipase A₂

Choose the organs or tissues where lipogenesis proceeds most intensively:

A. Skeletal Muscle

B. Brain, pancreas gland

C. Myocardium

D. Kidneys, adrenal gland

*E. Liver, Mammary gland

Humans cannot achieve a NET synthesis of glucose from C-even fatty acids due to the inability to convert:

A. Acetyl-CoA to malonyl CoA

B. Methylmalonyl-CoA to succinyl-CoA

*C. Acetyl-CoA to pyruvate

D. Acetyl-CoA to acetoacetate

E. Oxaloacetate to pyruvate

An experimental animal has been given excessive amount of carbon labeled glucose for a week. In what compound can the label be found?

A. Methionine

B. Arachidonic acid

*C. Palmitic acid

D. Phenylalanine

E. Vitamin A

Point out the ketone body that is not utilized in human organism:

A. Beta-hydroxybutyrate

B. Acetoacetate

C. All the substances proposed

*D. Acetone

E. None of the substances proposed

Point out the terminal product in the last round of beta-oxidation of High Fatty Acids with odd number of carbon atoms:

A. Butyryl - SCoA

*B. Propionyl - SCoA

C. Pyruvate

D. Acetoacetyl - SCoA

E. Malonyl - SCoA

Choose the allosteric activator of acetyl-CoA-carboxylase (the key enzyme of HFA synthesis):

A. Malate

*B. Citrate

C. Oxaloacetate

D. Fumarate

E. Succinate

Point out the terminal product of beta-oxidation of Higher Fatty Acids (HFA) with even number of carbon atoms:

A. Butiryl - SCoA

B. Propionyl-SCoA

*C. Acetyl-SCoA

D. Acetoacetyl - SCoA

E. Malonyl - SCoA

The energy yield by stearic acid oxidation is:

A. 96

*B. 146

C. 129

D. 12

E. 38

Choose the products for one round of stearic acid beta-oxidation:

A. 129 ATP

*B. 1 palmitoyl CoA, 1 acetyl CoA, 1 FADH₂, 1 NADH

C. 2 acetyl CoA, 2 FADH₂, 1 ATP

D. 1 Oleyl CoA, 12 ATP

E. 1 stearyl CoA, 1 acetyl CoA, 1 FADH₂, 1 NADH

Point out the process or reaction where acetone is formed as end- product:

A. Decarboxylation of beta-hydroxybutyric acid

B. Synthesis of HFA

*C. Decarboxylation of acetoacetic acid

D. Beta-oxidation of HFA

E. Condensation of two acetyl-CoA molecules

There is a tissue hypoxia at myocardial ischemia in the patient. Name the process of lipid metabolism, whose rate is reduced in the myocardium at this state:

A. Ketone body synthesis

*B. Beta-oxidation of high fatty acids

C. Cardiolipin synthesis

D. Phospholipid synthesis

E. Fat lipolysis

Point out the biological role of carnitine in cells:

A. The enzyme inhibitor

B. Allosteric activator of enzymes

C. The component of respiratory chain

D. Antioxidant

*E. Transporter of fatty acid across the mitochondrial membranes

A microsomal enzyme system is responsible for the formation of some unsaturated fatty acids. Point out an enzyme of the system:

A. Coenzyme Q-cytochrome c reductase

B. Succinate coenzyme Q reductase

C. Cytochrome oxidase

D. NADH coenzyme Q reductase

*E. NADH-cytochrome b5 reductase

The removal of two-carbon units from a fatty acyl CoA involves four sequential reactions. Which of the following reaction sequences is correct for the pathway of beta-oxidation:

A. Oxidation, dehydration, oxidation, cleavage

B. Hydrogenation, dehydration, hydrogenation, cleavage

C. Reduction, hydration, dehydrogenation, cleavage

D. Reduction, dehydration, reduction, cleavage

*E. Dehydrogenation, hydration, dehydrogenation, cleavage

Find out the main substrates for the use by elongase system during the formation of stearyl CoA from palmitoyl CoA:

A. Acetyl CoA, NADH, palmitoyl CoA

B. Malonyl CoA, NADH, palmitoyl CoA

C. Glycerol, NADPH, palmitoyl CoA

*D. Malonyl CoA, NADPH, palmitoyl CoA

E. Acetyl CoA, NADPH, palmitoyl CoA

What compound production and utilization become more significant during starvation?

A. Uric acid

B. Triacylglycerols

C. Fatty acids

D. Glycogen

*E. Ketone bodies

Which of the following steps is involved in the formation of glucose from lipolysis product?

A. Glycerol from lipolysis is converted to triacylglycerols

B. Fatty acids from lipolysis are oxidized, producing FADH₂ and stimulating gluconeogenesis

*C. 2 glycerols from lipolysis are phosphorylated, converted in a few steps to fructose-1,6-bisphosphate, and eventually converted to glucose

D. Fatty acids from lipolysis are converted to glucose

E. 2 glycerols from lipolysis are taken up by liver cells and dimerized to fructose

Which of the following organs (tissues) cannot use ketone bodies:

*A. Liver

B. Brain

C. Myocardium

D. Skeletal muscle

E. Kidney

Point out the substrate for acyl-CoA-dehydrogenase (beta-oxidation of HFA):

A. Beta-ketoacyl-SCoA

B. Acetyl-SCoA

*C. Butyryl-SCoA

D. Beta-hydroxyacyl-SCoA

E. Enoyl-SCoA

It is established, that beta-oxidation of high fatty acids is carried out by multienzyme complex in cells. Choose the enzyme that is not the component of this complex:

A. Thiolase

*B. Aldolase

C. Enoyl – CoA - hydratase

D. Acyl-CoA-dehydrogenase

E. 3-Hydroxy-acyl-CoA-dehydrogenase

It is established, that the high fatty acid radical is lengthened in two carbon atoms by palmitate synthetase complex action each cycle. Point out the donor of these two carbon atoms during the synthesis:

A. Lauryl-CoA

B. Acetyl-CoA

C. Stearyl-CoA

D. Palmityl-CoA

*E. Malonyl-CoA

In uncontrolled diabetes mellitus, acetoacetic acid and beta-hydroxybutyric acid are produced in:

*A. Liver

B. Brain

C. Kidneys

D. Pancreas

E. Small intestine

A sportsman was recommended to take a medication that contains carnitine in order to improve his results. What process is activated by carnitine the most?

A. Synthesis of steroid hormones

B. Tissue respiration

C. Synthesis of proteins

D. Synthesis of ketone bodies

*E. Fatty acids transport to mitochondria

The most important source of reducing equivalents (NADPH) for fatty acid synthesis in the liver is:

A. Oxidation of glucuronic acid

B. Glycolysis

C. The citric acid cycle

D. Oxidation of acetyl CoA

*E. The pentose phosphate pathway

Which of the following substances is immediate precursor of acetoacetate in pathway ketogenesis?

A. Beta-hydroxybutyryl CoA

*B. Beta-hydroxy-beta-methylglutaryl CoA

C. Acetyl CoA

D. Beta-hydroxybutyrate

E. Acetoacetyl CoA

A 1 y.o. child with symptoms of muscle affection was admitted to the hospital. Examination revealed carnitine deficiency in muscles. Biochemical base of this pathology is disturbed process of:

*A. Transporting of fatty acids to the matrix of mitochondria

B. Substrate phosphorylation

C. Actin and myosin synthesis

D. Regulation of Ca²⁺ level in mitochondria

E. Lactic acid utilization

Which of the following statements describes correctly ketone bodies?

A. They are most important nutrients for liver

B. They are accumulated in children with fatty acid oxidation disorders

C. They are produced by muscle but not by liver

*D. They include beta-hydroxybutyrate, acetoacetate and acetone

E. They are accumulated at diabetes mellitus after insulin therapy

The formation of the “active form” of a fatty acid is endergonic process in which the ATP energy is consumed. But there is another necessary participant of the fatty acid activation. Choose it:

*A. CoASH

B. Succinyl CoA

C. Acetyl CoA

D. UTP

E. GTP

Acetyl CoA carboxylase is key enzyme in fatty acid synthesis. Point out the coenzyme of this enzyme:

*A. Biotin

B. CoASH

C. NADH

D. Phosphopantetheine

E. FADH₂

Point out the cellular location of saturated HFA synthesis:

A. Mitochondrion

B. Endoplasmic reticulum

*C. Cytoplasm

D. Nucleus

E. Plasmolemma