- •Topic 1: General Account of the Grammatical Structure of the English Language under Theoretical Analysis
- •1.2. Basic notions of the grammatical description: grammatical form, grammatical meaning, paradigm, grammatical category
- •1.Pick out the word forms with common grammatical meaning to create appropriate grammatical categories. Do they correspond to the English variants?
- •2.Analyse the following pairs of words. What grammatical devices are used to denote grammatical meanings? Figure out cases in English:
- •3.Which grammatical categories are made up by the paradigm of the given grammatical forms?
- •1.3. Classification of words into parts of speech
- •1.Provide a suitable context to figure out the parts of speech these words belong to:
- •2.Recognize the following words as notional or structural parts of speech. Consider the grammatical form, lexical meaning and syntactical function (make up a phrase):
- •2.1. Categorial meaning, division of nouns into subclasses
- •1.Translate into Russian. Match the nouns with the items in the list: common, proper, abstract, collective, mass:
- •2.Think of the English equivalents to the given nouns. Recognise their subclasses:
- •Revision tasks for self-control
- •2.2. Grammatical categories of the noun: number
- •1.Make up if possible singular and plural of the nouns. Compare them with the corresponding English word forms:
- •2.Supply a predicate in the singular or the plural as appropriate to the nouns used as subjects:
- •2.3. Grammatical categories of the noun: Case
- •1.Point out the grammatical content of the inflectional Genitive; translate into Russian:
- •2.Analyse the meaning of the ‘of-Genitive’. What are the corresponding Russian word forms? Do possible substitutions for ‘s-inflection:
- •3.Choose the correct case form in English. Note appropriate transformations in the translation:
- •Revision tasks for self-control
- •3.1. Categorial meaning, grammatical forms and classes of the Verb
- •1.Point out notional and structural verbs:
- •2.Identify the verbs as stative, dynamic, transitive, intransitive:
- •3.Find phrasal verbs, identifying them as transitive/intransitive, separable/inseparable. Think of both grammatical and lexical differences:
- •4.Match modal verb forms in accordance with the given meanings: ability, possibility, probability, logical assumptions, permission, necessity, obligation, duty, prohibition:
- •Revision tasks for self-control
- •Finite versus non-finite verb forms
- •1.Name the grammatical categories in which the verbals differ:
- •2.Consider different functions of the infinitive:
- •3.Consider different functions of the gerund:
- •4.Consider different functions of the participle:
- •5.Point out verbal constructions:
- •Revision tasks for self-control
- •3.3. Grammatical categories of the verb: tense, taxis, aspect
- •1.What time (present, past, future) does the process denoted by the verb refer to?
- •2.Consider the following oppositions and account for the difference between the verb forms belonging to Continuous / Non-Continuous, Perfect / Non-Perfect:
- •3.Translate into English. Match the verb forms with the meanings indicating:
- •Revision tasks for self-control
- •3.4. Grammatical categories of the verb: voice
- •1.Make as many active – passive transformations as possible:
- •2.Rewrite the following passages into Passive; wherever necessary translate into English:
- •3.Translate into English. Put the Passive voice wherever necessary:
- •3.5. Grammatical categories of the verb: mood
- •1.How do the underlined verbs differ grammatically? Is there difference in person? number? mood? tense? aspect? taxis? voice?
- •2.Match English and Russian verb forms of the Subjunctive in accordance with the given meanings; Work them out in the given sentences:
- •3.Think of possible similarities and differences in the choice of conjunctions:
- •4.Transform the situations by using the sentences with the Subjunctive Mood; recognize unreal meanings:
- •5.Translate into English. Are the verb forms equal? What is preferable in formal and informal speech?
- •Revision tasks for self-control
- •4.1. General remarks on syntactic problems
- •4.2. Syntagmatic connections in word-groups: types of syntactic relations
- •4.3. Syntactic relations and ways of their expression
- •1.Determine the type of syntactic relations between the components of word-phrases. Translate either into Russian or English:
- •2.Distinguish between the phrases; show differences in translation:
- •5.1. Predication, its types and expression
- •5.2. Classification of sentences: structural, semantic, communicative
- •1.Make difference between types of predication: explicit / implicit, single-headed / double-headed:
- •2.Point out structural types of sentences: one-member / two-member, extended / non-extended, complete / incomplete, simple / composite, quasi-sentences:
- •3.Distinguish between communicative types of sentences: declarative, interrogative, negative, exclamatory:
- •4.Consider semantic types of sentences: personal / impersonal, definite / indefinite, actual / relational / statal:
- •5.Look at the one-member Russian sentences and translate them into English:
- •5.3. Division of the sentence: principal vs secondary parts
- •1.Note the way how the predicative centre is formed in the English simple sentence; take care of inversion. Highlight different types of the predicate and the subject.
- •2.Point out the forms of secondary parts of a sentence, with a special focus on possible Russian equivalents:
- •6.1. Features of a composite sentence
- •6.2. Complex sentence
- •6.3. Semi-complex sentence
- •6.4. Compound sentence
- •6.5. Semi-compound sentence
- •1.Pay attention to the form of a subject and a predicate in clauses of composite sentences, highlighting logic focus on them. Translate into Russian:
- •2.In the given below semi-composite sentences point out cases of secondary predication, performing objective, attributive and adverbial function. Think of possible corresponding Russian variants:
- •3.Express the syntactic positions of subject, predicate, object, attribute and adverbial modifier by corresponding clauses, wherever possible:
- •4.Complete the structure of the semi-composite sentences, translating from Russian into English:
- •5.Translate into English; justify the choice either of a clause or a verbal construction:
- •Recommended literature
- •I. Engagement and comprehension activities:
- •1. Making predictions
- •2. Setting up expectations about the theme of the text
- •3. Making guesses about the author’s tone and intention
- •4. Deducing meaning and ideas
- •5. Making cross-cultural comparison
- •6. Vocabulary development
- •II. Activate activities:
- •2. Setting up expectations about thematic formation of the text
- •1. Do the following statements agree with the information given in the passage?
- •2. Reassemble sequences of lines to provide cohesion and coherence of the text in the form of a,b,c,d,e,f,g,h:
- •3. Scan the text for keywords and phrases essential to your understanding of the theme?
- •4. The author recognizes the fact that
- •5. Which of the sentences best summarizes what the text is about?
- •5. Making cross-cultural comparison
- •1. Think of the associations you have with the word ‘stress’.
- •2. Do the following statements reflect the author’s attitude to gender differences in stress response:
- •3. Make cross-cultural connections:
- •Indicating purpose:
- •III. Summarizing statements on the given reading passage :
- •IV. Conclusive remarks:
- •1.Pick out the word forms with common grammatical meaning to create appropriate grammatical categories. Do they correspond to the English variants?
- •2.Analyse the following pairs of words. What grammatical devices are used to denote grammatical meanings? Figure out cases in English:
- •3.Which grammatical categories are made up by the paradigm of the given grammatical forms?
- •1.Provide a suitable context to figure out the parts of speech these words belong to:
- •2.Recognize the following words as notional or structural parts of speech. Consider the grammatical form, lexical meaning and syntactical function (make up a phrase):
- •1.Translate into Russian. Match the nouns with the items in the list: common, proper, abstract, collective, mass:
- •2.Think of the English equivalents to the given nouns. Recognise their subclasses:
- •1.Make up if possible singular and plural of the nouns. Compare them with the corresponding English word forms:
- •2.Supply a predicate in the singular or the plural as appropriate to the nouns used as subjects:
- •1.Point out the grammatical content of the inflectional Genitive; translate into Russian:
- •2.Analyse the meaning of the ‘of-Genitive’. What are the corresponding Russian word forms? Do possible substitutions for ‘s-inflection:
- •3.Choose the correct case form in English. Note appropriate transformations in the translation:
- •Topic 3: Morphological Features of the Verb as Part of speech
- •1.Point out notional and structural verbs:
- •2.Identify the verbs as stative, dynamic, transitive, intransitive:
- •3.Find phrasal verbs, identifying them as transitive/intransitive, separable/inseparable. Think of both grammatical and lexical differences:
- •4.Match modal verb forms in accordance with the given meanings: ability, possibility, probability, logical assumptions, permission, necessity, obligation, duty, prohibition:
- •1.Name the grammatical categories in which the verbals differ:
- •2.Consider different functions of the infinitive:
- •3.Consider different functions of the gerund:
- •4.Consider different functions of the participle:
- •5.Point out verbal constructions:
- •1.What time (present, past, future) does the process denoted by the verb refer to?
- •2.Consider the following oppositions and account for the difference between the verb forms belonging to Continuous / Non-Continuous, Perfect / Non-Perfect:
- •3.Translate into English. Match the verb forms with the meanings indicating:
- •1.Make as many active – passive transformations as possible:
- •2.Rewrite the following passages into Passive; wherever necessary translate into English:
- •3.Translate into English. Put the Passive voice wherever necessary:
- •1.How do the underlined verbs differ grammatically? Is there difference in person? number? mood? tense? aspect? taxis? voice?
- •2.Match English and Russian verb forms of the Subjunctive in accordance with the given meanings; Work them out in the given sentences:
- •3.Think of possible similarities and differences in the choice of conjunctions:
- •4.Transform the situations by using the sentences with the Subjunctive Mood; recognize unreal meanings:
- •5.Translate into English. Are the verb forms equal? What is preferable in formal and informal speech?
- •4.2. Syntagmatic connections in word-groups: types of syntactic relations.
- •1.Determine the type of syntactic relations between the components of word-phrases. Translate either into Russian or English:
- •2.Distinguish between the phrases; show differences in translation:
- •Topic 5: Sentence as a predicative unit: structural, semantic, communicative aspects
- •Practical assignments
- •1.Make difference between types of predication: explicit / implicit, single-headed / double-headed:
- •2.Point out structural types of sentences: one-member / two-member, extended / non-extended, complete / incomplete, simple / composite, quasi-sentences:
- •3.Distinguish between communicative types of sentences: declarative, interrogative, negative, exclamatory:
- •4.Consider semantic types of sentences: personal / impersonal, definite / indefinite, actual / relational / statal:
- •5.Look at the one-member Russian sentences and translate them into English:
- •1.Note the way how the predicative centre is formed in the English simple sentence; take care of inversion. Highlight different types of the predicate and the subject;
- •2.Point out the forms of secondary parts of a sentence, with a special focus on possible Russian equivalents:
- •Topic 6: Composite sentence: types, clauses, connectors
- •1.Pay attention to the form of a subject and a predicate in clauses of composite sentences, highlighting logic focus on them. Translate into Russian:
- •2.In the given below semi-composite sentences point out cases of secondary predication, performing objective, attributive and adverbial function. Think of possible corresponding Russian variants:
- •3.Express the syntactic positions of subject, predicate, object, attribute and adverbial modifier by corresponding clauses, wherever possible:
- •4.Complete the structure of the semi-composite sentences, translating from Russian into English:
- •5.Translate into English; justify the choice either of a clause or a verbal construction:
- •Recommended literature
1.What time (present, past, future) does the process denoted by the verb refer to?
When they returned home, she had arrived back from her shopping and was putting away the products. I’ll be seeing my partner this afternoon. He put on his coat and went out. Hasn’t he been to China yet? Have you spoken to him about coming to see me? I’m sending the car for him early in the morning. If you are good to Julia, she’ll give you a photo of herself. He has had his car for a year. I’ve been thinking... what shall I do? Who are you waiting for? She is not expecting anyone. We have just been talking about you. He was enjoying himself. He had eaten nothing since the picnic. She was sure she would never do it. She asked what time they were leaving. They had been married for ten years before they divorced. She had been holding the book since she came into the room. OK, I’ll help you.
2.Consider the following oppositions and account for the difference between the verb forms belonging to Continuous / Non-Continuous, Perfect / Non-Perfect:
The clock struck half past two / The clock was striking two: where was she? As soon as we talk about anything interesting / you complain we are talking shop. This is the same castle with its huge towers which still stand / The castle is still standing, and you can see its old walls. I’ll be visiting my granny this weekend / When I come down to my home town, I’ll visit my classmates. He was having struggle in his own world / He had a car of his own. I know he has lived all life here / No, he has been living in Brazil. I have been wondering whether you will take him out / I have always wondered why he is so stupid. She is laughing, can’t you hear? / She has just been laughing, where is she? It has rained here over the recent years / It rains here all time. He asked if I had had breakfast / He asked what time I had breakfast. We went to see the play which had been running for a week / The play ran for a week, then it was closed down. We’ll have been staying here for a month next week / I expect we’ll stay with my friends.
3.Translate into English. Match the verb forms with the meanings indicating:
a) present: permanent situations or states, repeated/habitual actions, truths or laws, temporary situations, actions happening at or around the moment of speaking, changing situations, frequently repeated actions expressing annoyance, recently completed actions, personal experiences or changes, complete actions connected to the present, past actions of certain duration having visible effects in the present, actions continuing up to the present.
Дети только что плавали, а сейчас загорают. Вечно ты задаешь глупые вопросы. В статье содержится много интересного материала. Здесь все время стоит хорошая погода. Она повзрослела и выглядит прекрасно. На протяжении многих лет он преподает экономику в университете. Вы поссорились? Почему вы не разговариваете друг с другом? Ты когда-нибудь отдыхал на море? Мы знаем друг друга со школьных лет. Ситуация улучшается: уровень безработицы падает. Мы редко ходим гулять, у меня мало свободного времени.
b) past: past actions with a stated time reference, past habit or state, past actions one after the other, past action in progress interrupted by another, action in the middle of happening, simultaneous past actions, past action which occurred before another, complete action with visible effect in the past, action continuing over to a certain time in the past, action of certain duration with visible results in the past.
Он обратился ко мне за помощью, когда остался без денег. Присмотревшись, я обнаружила, что он очень изменился. Она закончила школу и пошла учиться в университет. Она не вставала, т.к. плохо себя чувствовала всю ночь. Я несколько месяцев искала работу, прежде чем в одной из газет увидела интересную рекламу. Мы подняли этот вопрос на вчерашнем собрании. Он гнал машину на большой скорости, когда полицейский остановил его. Хозяйка накрыла стол и пригласила гостей сесть. В этот момент я увидела своего брата: он стоял на углу и с кем-то разговаривал. Было ужасно холодно: последние дни стояли сильные морозы. Пока она собирала вещи, я убирала в комнате. Он не хотел общаться с ней, после того, как узнал правду. Когда мы были на отдыхе, мы много плавали, загорали и гуляли.
c) future: on-the-spot decisions, predictions, probability, hopes, fears, promises, offers, intentions, arrangements, evidence that sth will definitely happen in the near future, actions in progress at a stated future time, planned actions, politely asking about arrangements, duration of an action up to a certain time in the future, action finished before a stated future time, timetables/programmes in future.
В субботу мы устраиваем вечеринку. В следующем месяце будет десять лет, как я работаю здесь. Я думаю, такой дом будет стоить много денег. Он сдаст экзамены, если будет хорошо готовиться. Мне выключить радио? Ты будешь выглядеть лучше в этом наряде. Осторожно, ты сейчас упадешь. Если мы не придем до пяти, они уже закончат обсуждение. В таком случае мы поедем на автобусе. Боюсь, мне сейчас станет плохо. Я увижусь с ней сегодня, мне что-нибудь передать? У нее завтра день рождения; она будет приглашать много гостей. Поезд отправляется днем, а прибывает утром следующего дня. Новый претендент проиграет выборы, и ему придется уйти в отставку. Я буду ждать тебя у кинотеатра в семь часов.
Supplementary:
Controversial points about future
Is will\shall a tense form as opposed in the paradigmatic line of Present and Past? Is it a modal phrase?
Modal colouring of the meaning of future as compared to present or past.
L.Barhudarov’s objections against inclusion of future into the category of Tense:
possibility to express both future and past time;
assumptions on the question of the category of prospect or of prospective time;
present\past verbal forms as primary time vs future prospective verbal forms as relative time;
categorical position of Prospect in the system of English tenses.
(see:M.I.Bloch. A Course in Theoretical English Grammar, Chapter 14, 4-7)
Revision tasks for self-control
What grammatical categories does the finite form of the verb have?
Give an account of the grammatical categories: tense, aspect, taxis.
What factors govern the choice between tense forms, aspect forms and taxis forms?
How does the fact of belonging to the group of stative/dynamic, terminative/non- terminative verbs influence the choice?
What grammatical devices (synthetical or analytical) prevail to indicate categorial distinctions of the verb in English.
How can you explain the categorial status of the typically English Perfect Continuous form?
3.4.Grammatical categories of the verb: voice. Voice is a grammatical category of the verb which indicates the relation between an action and its agent. It shows whether the subject is the doer of the action or whether it is acted upon. The invariant grammatical meaning of the category is perceived as the direction of the process as regards the participants of the situation being reflected in the sentence structure by the position of a subject or an object.
The voice of the verb is expressed by the opposition of the paradigmatic forms: passive voice, active voice, the first being the strong member of the opposition and expressing the reception of the action by the subject of the syntactic structure, with the auxiliary verb ‘to be’+Past Participle. Subsequently, the passive voice shows that the person or thing denoted by the subject is acted upon, i.e. the subject is the recipient of the action: e.g. The dishes have been washed. The letters will be delivered. The active voice as a weak member of the opposition leaves the passive meaning unspecified, i.e. it implies that the person or thing denoted by the subject is the doer of the action indicated by the predicate. In other words, as a grammatical category, voice expressed in the form of the verb shows the relation between the action and its subject, pointing out in this way whether the action is performed by the subject or passes onto it: e.g. She has just tidied the room. The room has just been tidied. It seems practical to make distinction between direct or primary passive, indirect or secondary passive, prepositional or tertiary passive. The direct voice is formed by transitive verbs where the subject of the passive construction generally corresponds to the direct object of the verb: e.g. English is normally spoken in this part of the country. The agreement will be signed within two weeks’ time. The indirect voice is based on a number of verbs which can take two objects: e.g. allow, ask, award, give, grant, leave, promise, send, show, teach, tell, etc. It should be noted that both direct and indirect are acceptable, leading, however, to some stylistic difference. Compare: A gift was given to him / He was given a gift. A job will be offered to her / She will be offered a job. Good examples were given to them / They were given good examples. The prepositional voice is used when the subject of the passive construction corresponds to the prepositional object, with the detached preposition retaining its place after the verb, as ‘laugh at’, ‘refer to’, ‘look after’, ‘account for’, ‘talk about’, ‘think of’: e.g. He has never been relied on. The children are being taken care of. He was little spoken of. Exceptional are the verbs taking two objects (direct and prepositional), such as ‘explain sth to sbd’, ‘say sth to sbd’, ‘propose sth to sbd’, ‘point out sth to sbd’. Therefore only a form of a direct passive is admitted: e.g. The situation will be explained to them. A new plan has already been suggested to them. The mistakes are always pointed out to the students.
Although the English language system demonstrates a great variety of passivised verbal forms, it is limited when it concerns non-passivised verbs, which are not capable of forming the passive voice: have, seem, appear, belong, cost, resemble, fail, turn up, come up and others.
The major problem in connection with the voice is that one of ‘medial’ voices, i.e. voice forms functioning in other than the passive or active meanings. Consider the following: e.g. He has washed and shaved just in time for breakfast. She is going to dress up for the party. We are thoroughly preparing for the exams. Having the form of the active voice, though, voice meanings do not appear to be active, as the actions are not passed from the subject to an object, but are confined to it. This kind of the verbal meaning performed by the subject upon itself is termed as reflexive. Above this, the actions expressed by the verbs are also confined to the subject in the next examples: e.g. We are meeting tomorrow. They divorced last year. They are always quarrelling over nothing. The difference is that these actions are performed reciprocally. The given reflexive and reciprocal uses of verbs must be considered as special grammatical voices called respectively reflexive and reciprocal. The presentation of the verbal action of this type comes under the heading of the ‘middle’ voice, which shows neutralization or reduction of the voice opposition between active and passive. It stands in between them containing formal characteristics of the active and passive meanings of the verb form.
Key words:
grammatical category of Voice грамматическая категория залога
relation between action and its agent отношение между действием и его агентом
direction of the process направление процесса
opposition of paradigmatic forms оппозиция парадигматических форм
passive voice пассивный залог
active voice активный залог
direct\primary passive пассив прямого субъекта
indirect\secondary passive пассив косвенного субъекта
prepositional\tertiary passive пассив предложного субъекта
passivised verbs глаголы, употребляемые в пассивном залоге
non-passivised verbs глаголы, неупотребляемые в пассивном залоге
‘medial’\’middle’ voices промежуточные формы залога
reflexive voice залог возвратного действия
reciprocal voice залог обоюдного действия
Practical assignments