1.Point out notional and structural verbs:

The boy grew steadily/ The boy grew tall. All went wrong/ They all went downstairs. The girl smiled happily/ She seemed happy. They spoke quietly/ He remained silent. She was at home/ She was depressed. Let me feel your pulse/ She felt bored. The milk tasted sour/ I have never tasted Chinese food. Roses smell sweet/ Why are you smelling it? We have a nice flat/ They have just returned. They were out/ We were coming. He did well at the exam/ Did you visit your friend?

2.Identify the verbs as stative, dynamic, transitive, intransitive:

She was studying hard. Who opened the window? He had a poorly-paid job in the local shop. They found me a spare ticket. How do you feel? We went out for a meal. I have never learnt to swim. She was cooking dinner when I arrived. It snowed all night. Has she passed the test? The shoes do not fit properly. He appears very nervous. These documents do not belong to him. She owns a big store. They have done a lot of work lately. The government maintained its position in the Parliament. She starred in a lot of major films. I expect you’ll enjoy the party. They have just been running. They are to be informed of the accident. He claims that they will come to power soon. I want you to come and help me. This question matters a lot. We may encounter a lot of difficulties.

3.Find phrasal verbs, identifying them as transitive/intransitive, separable/inseparable. Think of both grammatical and lexical differences:

At the meeting someone put forward the idea that there should be a student representative on the committee. Have you worked out how much we owe? All the science fiction fantasies of robots are taking over the world. It looks as if the rain has set about for the rest of the day. We just have to put the meeting off until everyone is back from holiday. When he came out after the accident, he could not remember what had happened. It is time to face up to your responsibilities. I am getting behind with my work. She wanted him to look into the cost of installing an alarm system. I am not just prepared to put up with his inefficiency any longer. We have managed to sort our problems out. The negotiations fell through at the last moment.

4.Match modal verb forms in accordance with the given meanings: ability, possibility, probability, logical assumptions, permission, necessity, obligation, duty, prohibition:

Can, could, could have done, could have been doing, cannot do, can’t be doing, can’t have done, may do, may have done, may be doing, may have been doing, might have forgotten, might do, will do, must do, must be doing, must have done, must not do, have to do, need do, don’t have to do, didn’t have to do, didn’t need to do, needn’t have done, should do, should have done, ought to do, ought to have done, shouldn’t do/have done, oughtn’t to do/to have done.

Revision tasks for self-control

What is the categorial meaning of the verb as a part of speech?

Work out the list of features in order to identify notional or structural verbs.

How can you identify the notional verbs as dynamic, stative, transitive, intransitive?

Outline the semantic domain of the main notional verbs in English.

How do subclasses of structurals differ grammatically?

3.2. Finite versus non-finite verb forms. Notional verbs take both finite and non-finite forms. The grammatical nature of finite forms can be described by six morphological categorial distinctions: Person (I write/ he writes), Number (she writes/ they write), Tense (I write/wrote/will write), Aspect (he was writing/ he wrote), Voice (she wrote/ it was written by her), Mood (if he knows/if he knew). Owing to the given morphological features, the finite forms serve the function of a predicate in the sentence. Unlikewise, the verbals (infinitive, participle, gerund) do not express all the six grammatical categories: person, number, mood are missing. Therefore they cannot be used as the predicate.

The main characteristics of the non-finite forms in English are as follows:

1.Verbals combine the properties of the verb with those of a noun, an adjective, an adverb:

• as being based on the verb, forms ‘to speak, speaking, having spoken’ express process;

• in the sentences ‘He wants to speak/ He suggested speaking’ the function of verbals is indicated as of a noun;

• the adverb type combinality is revealed in the examples: while crossing the street – adverb of time; not knowing – adverb of reason; without saying – adverb of attendant circumstances;

• the adjective type features come up in such cases as ‘the boy working, people hurrying, a broken branch’.

2.The non-finite forms have relative tense distinctions showing whether the action expressed by the verbal is simultaneous with or prior to the action expressed by the finite verb. The categorial meanings are expressed in the language by mostly analytical forms:

Infinitive:

Simple/ Active, Passive: e.g. to translate, to be translated;

Continuous/ Active: e.g. to be translating;

Perfect Simple/Active, Passive: e.g. to have translated, to have been translated;

Perfect Continuous/ Active: e.g. to have been translating.

Participle Present:

Simple/ Active, Passive: e.g. painting, being painted;

Perfect/ Active, Passive: e.g. having painted, having been painted.

Participle Past:

always passive: e.g. painted, translated, broken.

Gerund:

Simple/ Active, Passive: e.g. translating, being translated;

Perfect/ Active, Passive: e.g. having translated, having been translated.

3.By virtue of process-naming function, verbals should be considered in the view of their functional combinality. Take into account their syntactic functions.

Infinitive:

part of the predicate: e.g. He began to talk. Her dream was to become an actress;

subject: e.g. To speak good English is hard;

object: e.g. He has never learnt to dance;

attribute: e.g. He wants some juice to drink;

adverbial modifier (purpose or result): e.g. She went to France to study French. He was too old to run fast;

part of the objective/ the nominative with the infinitive construction: e.g. He expected them to arrive on time. He is said to be working overseas. The plane is reported to have been crashed.

Gerund:

subject: e.g. Looking after children requires patience;

object: e.g. I prefer travelling by train. She insisted on my coming;

attribute: e.g. I had trouble finding the road. She has got the feeling of being hurt;

adverbial modifier (time, attended circumstances, manner, reason, concession): e.g. Before crossing the road, stop and look both ways. She walked quickly without looking back. Because of being careless, he had a bad accident. In spite of being tired, he went on to work;

part of the gerundial complex (being associated with a nominal word, a noun or a pronoun): e.g. It’s no use their complaining about it. I didn’t remember him having paid the bills. I don’t mind my mum telling me off.

Participle Present:

attribute: e.g. He came up to the policeman standing at the corner;

adverbial modifier (time, reason, manner, comparison): e.g. Having graduated from the university, he started work. Being very tired, she soon fell asleep. He walked into the room smiling. He looked in surprise as though not believing my story;

part of the objective/ the nominative with the participle construction: e.g. I saw him leaving. They were heard speaking. We watched them playing. He was noticed leaving the house;

part of the absolute participial construction: e.g. This being urgent, we must reconsider our decision. There were many delegates, most of them representing regions.

Participle Past:

attribute: e.g. I read the note written in French. The problem discussed is of great importance;

adverbial modifier (reason, time, concession, condition): e.g. Exhausted by the journey, he felt sick. When interviewed, he refused to answer. Though frustrated, he had good expectations. He never started a talk, unless spoken to;

part of the objective/ the nominative with the participle construction: e.g. I saw the luggage weighed. I must have my hair cut. He was seen surrounded by a group of workers.

Key words:

finite forms личные спрягаемые формы глагола

non-finite forms\verbals неличные формы глагола

morphological categorial distinctions морфологичекие категориальные признаки

Person Лицо

Number Число

Tense Время

Aspect Вид

Voice Залог

Mood Наклонение

relative tense distinctions признаки относительного выражения времени

simultaneous одновременный

prior предшествующий

predicate сказуемое

subject подлежащее

object объект

attribute определение

adverbial modifier обстоятельство

adverbial modifier of purpose обстоятельство цели

adverbial modifier of result обстоятельство следствия

adverbial modifier of time обстоятельство времени

adverbial modifier of attended circumstances обстоятельство сопутствующих обстоятельств

adverbial modifier of manner обстоятельство образа действия

adverbial modifier of reason обстоятельство причины

adverbial modifier of concession обстоятельство уступки

adverbial modifier of comparison обстоятельство сравнения

adverbial modifier of condition обстоятельство условия

objective/ nominative with the infinitive construction объектная\номинативная инфинитивная конструкция

objective/ nominative with participle construction объектная\номинативная причастная конструкция

gerundial complex герундиальный оборот

nominal word именное слово

absolute participial construction абсолютная причастная конструкция

Practical assignments