- •Topic 1: General Account of the Grammatical Structure of the English Language under Theoretical Analysis
- •1.2. Basic notions of the grammatical description: grammatical form, grammatical meaning, paradigm, grammatical category
- •1.Pick out the word forms with common grammatical meaning to create appropriate grammatical categories. Do they correspond to the English variants?
- •2.Analyse the following pairs of words. What grammatical devices are used to denote grammatical meanings? Figure out cases in English:
- •3.Which grammatical categories are made up by the paradigm of the given grammatical forms?
- •1.3. Classification of words into parts of speech
- •1.Provide a suitable context to figure out the parts of speech these words belong to:
- •2.Recognize the following words as notional or structural parts of speech. Consider the grammatical form, lexical meaning and syntactical function (make up a phrase):
- •2.1. Categorial meaning, division of nouns into subclasses
- •1.Translate into Russian. Match the nouns with the items in the list: common, proper, abstract, collective, mass:
- •2.Think of the English equivalents to the given nouns. Recognise their subclasses:
- •Revision tasks for self-control
- •2.2. Grammatical categories of the noun: number
- •1.Make up if possible singular and plural of the nouns. Compare them with the corresponding English word forms:
- •2.Supply a predicate in the singular or the plural as appropriate to the nouns used as subjects:
- •2.3. Grammatical categories of the noun: Case
- •1.Point out the grammatical content of the inflectional Genitive; translate into Russian:
- •2.Analyse the meaning of the ‘of-Genitive’. What are the corresponding Russian word forms? Do possible substitutions for ‘s-inflection:
- •3.Choose the correct case form in English. Note appropriate transformations in the translation:
- •Revision tasks for self-control
- •3.1. Categorial meaning, grammatical forms and classes of the Verb
- •1.Point out notional and structural verbs:
- •2.Identify the verbs as stative, dynamic, transitive, intransitive:
- •3.Find phrasal verbs, identifying them as transitive/intransitive, separable/inseparable. Think of both grammatical and lexical differences:
- •4.Match modal verb forms in accordance with the given meanings: ability, possibility, probability, logical assumptions, permission, necessity, obligation, duty, prohibition:
- •Revision tasks for self-control
- •Finite versus non-finite verb forms
- •1.Name the grammatical categories in which the verbals differ:
- •2.Consider different functions of the infinitive:
- •3.Consider different functions of the gerund:
- •4.Consider different functions of the participle:
- •5.Point out verbal constructions:
- •Revision tasks for self-control
- •3.3. Grammatical categories of the verb: tense, taxis, aspect
- •1.What time (present, past, future) does the process denoted by the verb refer to?
- •2.Consider the following oppositions and account for the difference between the verb forms belonging to Continuous / Non-Continuous, Perfect / Non-Perfect:
- •3.Translate into English. Match the verb forms with the meanings indicating:
- •Revision tasks for self-control
- •3.4. Grammatical categories of the verb: voice
- •1.Make as many active – passive transformations as possible:
- •2.Rewrite the following passages into Passive; wherever necessary translate into English:
- •3.Translate into English. Put the Passive voice wherever necessary:
- •3.5. Grammatical categories of the verb: mood
- •1.How do the underlined verbs differ grammatically? Is there difference in person? number? mood? tense? aspect? taxis? voice?
- •2.Match English and Russian verb forms of the Subjunctive in accordance with the given meanings; Work them out in the given sentences:
- •3.Think of possible similarities and differences in the choice of conjunctions:
- •4.Transform the situations by using the sentences with the Subjunctive Mood; recognize unreal meanings:
- •5.Translate into English. Are the verb forms equal? What is preferable in formal and informal speech?
- •Revision tasks for self-control
- •4.1. General remarks on syntactic problems
- •4.2. Syntagmatic connections in word-groups: types of syntactic relations
- •4.3. Syntactic relations and ways of their expression
- •1.Determine the type of syntactic relations between the components of word-phrases. Translate either into Russian or English:
- •2.Distinguish between the phrases; show differences in translation:
- •5.1. Predication, its types and expression
- •5.2. Classification of sentences: structural, semantic, communicative
- •1.Make difference between types of predication: explicit / implicit, single-headed / double-headed:
- •2.Point out structural types of sentences: one-member / two-member, extended / non-extended, complete / incomplete, simple / composite, quasi-sentences:
- •3.Distinguish between communicative types of sentences: declarative, interrogative, negative, exclamatory:
- •4.Consider semantic types of sentences: personal / impersonal, definite / indefinite, actual / relational / statal:
- •5.Look at the one-member Russian sentences and translate them into English:
- •5.3. Division of the sentence: principal vs secondary parts
- •1.Note the way how the predicative centre is formed in the English simple sentence; take care of inversion. Highlight different types of the predicate and the subject.
- •2.Point out the forms of secondary parts of a sentence, with a special focus on possible Russian equivalents:
- •6.1. Features of a composite sentence
- •6.2. Complex sentence
- •6.3. Semi-complex sentence
- •6.4. Compound sentence
- •6.5. Semi-compound sentence
- •1.Pay attention to the form of a subject and a predicate in clauses of composite sentences, highlighting logic focus on them. Translate into Russian:
- •2.In the given below semi-composite sentences point out cases of secondary predication, performing objective, attributive and adverbial function. Think of possible corresponding Russian variants:
- •3.Express the syntactic positions of subject, predicate, object, attribute and adverbial modifier by corresponding clauses, wherever possible:
- •4.Complete the structure of the semi-composite sentences, translating from Russian into English:
- •5.Translate into English; justify the choice either of a clause or a verbal construction:
- •Recommended literature
- •I. Engagement and comprehension activities:
- •1. Making predictions
- •2. Setting up expectations about the theme of the text
- •3. Making guesses about the author’s tone and intention
- •4. Deducing meaning and ideas
- •5. Making cross-cultural comparison
- •6. Vocabulary development
- •II. Activate activities:
- •2. Setting up expectations about thematic formation of the text
- •1. Do the following statements agree with the information given in the passage?
- •2. Reassemble sequences of lines to provide cohesion and coherence of the text in the form of a,b,c,d,e,f,g,h:
- •3. Scan the text for keywords and phrases essential to your understanding of the theme?
- •4. The author recognizes the fact that
- •5. Which of the sentences best summarizes what the text is about?
- •5. Making cross-cultural comparison
- •1. Think of the associations you have with the word ‘stress’.
- •2. Do the following statements reflect the author’s attitude to gender differences in stress response:
- •3. Make cross-cultural connections:
- •Indicating purpose:
- •III. Summarizing statements on the given reading passage :
- •IV. Conclusive remarks:
- •1.Pick out the word forms with common grammatical meaning to create appropriate grammatical categories. Do they correspond to the English variants?
- •2.Analyse the following pairs of words. What grammatical devices are used to denote grammatical meanings? Figure out cases in English:
- •3.Which grammatical categories are made up by the paradigm of the given grammatical forms?
- •1.Provide a suitable context to figure out the parts of speech these words belong to:
- •2.Recognize the following words as notional or structural parts of speech. Consider the grammatical form, lexical meaning and syntactical function (make up a phrase):
- •1.Translate into Russian. Match the nouns with the items in the list: common, proper, abstract, collective, mass:
- •2.Think of the English equivalents to the given nouns. Recognise their subclasses:
- •1.Make up if possible singular and plural of the nouns. Compare them with the corresponding English word forms:
- •2.Supply a predicate in the singular or the plural as appropriate to the nouns used as subjects:
- •1.Point out the grammatical content of the inflectional Genitive; translate into Russian:
- •2.Analyse the meaning of the ‘of-Genitive’. What are the corresponding Russian word forms? Do possible substitutions for ‘s-inflection:
- •3.Choose the correct case form in English. Note appropriate transformations in the translation:
- •Topic 3: Morphological Features of the Verb as Part of speech
- •1.Point out notional and structural verbs:
- •2.Identify the verbs as stative, dynamic, transitive, intransitive:
- •3.Find phrasal verbs, identifying them as transitive/intransitive, separable/inseparable. Think of both grammatical and lexical differences:
- •4.Match modal verb forms in accordance with the given meanings: ability, possibility, probability, logical assumptions, permission, necessity, obligation, duty, prohibition:
- •1.Name the grammatical categories in which the verbals differ:
- •2.Consider different functions of the infinitive:
- •3.Consider different functions of the gerund:
- •4.Consider different functions of the participle:
- •5.Point out verbal constructions:
- •1.What time (present, past, future) does the process denoted by the verb refer to?
- •2.Consider the following oppositions and account for the difference between the verb forms belonging to Continuous / Non-Continuous, Perfect / Non-Perfect:
- •3.Translate into English. Match the verb forms with the meanings indicating:
- •1.Make as many active – passive transformations as possible:
- •2.Rewrite the following passages into Passive; wherever necessary translate into English:
- •3.Translate into English. Put the Passive voice wherever necessary:
- •1.How do the underlined verbs differ grammatically? Is there difference in person? number? mood? tense? aspect? taxis? voice?
- •2.Match English and Russian verb forms of the Subjunctive in accordance with the given meanings; Work them out in the given sentences:
- •3.Think of possible similarities and differences in the choice of conjunctions:
- •4.Transform the situations by using the sentences with the Subjunctive Mood; recognize unreal meanings:
- •5.Translate into English. Are the verb forms equal? What is preferable in formal and informal speech?
- •4.2. Syntagmatic connections in word-groups: types of syntactic relations.
- •1.Determine the type of syntactic relations between the components of word-phrases. Translate either into Russian or English:
- •2.Distinguish between the phrases; show differences in translation:
- •Topic 5: Sentence as a predicative unit: structural, semantic, communicative aspects
- •Practical assignments
- •1.Make difference between types of predication: explicit / implicit, single-headed / double-headed:
- •2.Point out structural types of sentences: one-member / two-member, extended / non-extended, complete / incomplete, simple / composite, quasi-sentences:
- •3.Distinguish between communicative types of sentences: declarative, interrogative, negative, exclamatory:
- •4.Consider semantic types of sentences: personal / impersonal, definite / indefinite, actual / relational / statal:
- •5.Look at the one-member Russian sentences and translate them into English:
- •1.Note the way how the predicative centre is formed in the English simple sentence; take care of inversion. Highlight different types of the predicate and the subject;
- •2.Point out the forms of secondary parts of a sentence, with a special focus on possible Russian equivalents:
- •Topic 6: Composite sentence: types, clauses, connectors
- •1.Pay attention to the form of a subject and a predicate in clauses of composite sentences, highlighting logic focus on them. Translate into Russian:
- •2.In the given below semi-composite sentences point out cases of secondary predication, performing objective, attributive and adverbial function. Think of possible corresponding Russian variants:
- •3.Express the syntactic positions of subject, predicate, object, attribute and adverbial modifier by corresponding clauses, wherever possible:
- •4.Complete the structure of the semi-composite sentences, translating from Russian into English:
- •5.Translate into English; justify the choice either of a clause or a verbal construction:
- •Recommended literature
Topic 3: Morphological Features of the Verb as Part of speech
3.1.Categorial meaning, grammatical forms and classes of the verb. English verbs have the general categorial meaning that is of process presented as being developed in time and being embedded in the semantics of all verbs including those that denote state (seem, sleep, contain, matter, mean), forms of existence (live, keep, remain, stay, wait), mental activities (think, believe, guess, suppose, recognize), emotional attitudes (love, hate, adore, respect, despise, fear). The common verb-forming derivational means are as: affixation (prefixes: re-, dis-, over-, de-, mis-, under-, un-, en-, in-: e.g. reorganize, rebuild, dislike, disconnect, overhear, overcome defrost, devalue, misunderstand, mispronounce, undercook, undergo, unload, unpack, enclose, enforce, insure, inquire; suffixes: -ize, -en, -ate, -ify, -ish: e.g. characterize, computerize, flatten, broaden, differentiate, operate, clarify, intensify, furnish, finish); conversion (as a zero-derivation when a noun acquires the verbal features): e.g. to pencil, to watch, to wallpaper, to effect, to float, to flood, to humour; compounding: e.g. blackmail, brainstorm, babysit, ice-skate, intercross, key wind, kidnap, manhunt.
The division of the verbs into stative and dynamic makes up the distinguishing feature of the grammar. The first are those denoting processes without any qualitative change, the duration of which is unlimited (e.g. know, remember, own, want, hate, like, prefer). The second denote processes that have a marked qualitative change the duration of which is limited (e.g. arrive, come, change, build).
The verbal core as a lexeme normally forms the part of a grammatical verb form together with ending morphemes and auxiliaries. A lexeme plus a grammatical affix alone or with a suppletive change is called a single grammatical form (e.g. writes/wrote, go/went, walks/walked, enter/entered); a grammatical form which consists of more than one word, with an auxiliary, makes a combined grammatical form, being more typical of analytical English (e.g. is painted, have been swimming, will have been reading).
As to the verbs functional significance (syntactical functions and their association with the subject and the object), the main classes of verbs are clearly cut: notional, structural and modal verbs. Structurals are subdivided into auxiliary and linking verbs or copulars. Notional verbs have a full lexical meaning of their own and can be used in a sentence as a simple predicate: e.g. He lived/ They are writing/ We shall read/ She has told. Notional verbs cover the following semantic areas: activity verbs: bring, buy, carry, work, throw, run, move, jump, plant; communication verbs: admit, answer, argue, discuss, explain, announce, speak, reply, whisper, propose; mental verbs: consider, think, decide, learn, research, believe, speculate, explore, prove; physical state: rain, snow, freeze, sleet; perception verbs: see, notice, hear, smell, taste, feel; verbs of single occurrence: happen, fall, disappear, change, occur, put, show, find; causative verbs: encourage, urge, make, let, persuade, require, help, prevent, enable; emotive verbs: admire respect, suspect, threat, dislike, fear, contempt. Auxiliary verbs are those which have no lexical meaning of their own and are used as function words with a function to make up analytical grammatical forms. In English auxiliary verbs (e.g. be, do, did, will, shall, have, should, etc.) are used in corresponding grammatical forms to express tense, mood, aspect, voice, negative/interrogative. The three verbs ‘be, have, do’ can be observed as notional verbs in the meaning of ‘existence, possession, physical activity’ and auxiliaries. Close to the auxiliary by their function are modal verbs: e.g. can, may, must, have to, need, should, shall, ought to. They cannot be used independently unaccompanied by notional verbs; the meaning of process is very scarce and is dominated by the meaning of modality: ability, possibility, probability, permission, necessity, obligation, prohibition, logical assumption, etc. The combinality of an English modal verb is specified by the forms of an infinitive (simple, continuous, perfect): e.g. could have spoken, must be visiting, should have been studying.
Apart from auxiliaries and modals, notional verbs are opposed to linking verbs, which have partly lost their lexical meaning and are used as part of a compound nominal predicate: current copular verbs: be, seem, keep, remain, stay, feel, look, taste, smell; resulting copular verbs: become, turn, get, prove, appear, come, turn out.
Mainly, the basic feature of the verb lies in their division into transitive and intransitive verbs, according to their association with the subject and the object of the process, i.e. according to the verbal valency of being combined with the subject (personal or impersonal) and the object (direct, indirect and prepositional). Transitive are the verbs characterized by the fact that they relate a preceding subject to the following object: e.g. He is reading sth/ He has written sth/ He will meet sbd). They are of two types: monotransative, when they occur in a verb phrase with a single direct object: e.g. put, spend, wear, find, produce, hold, carry, use); ditransative, when they occur with two objects (direct and indirect): e.g. give sth to sbd, buy sth for sbd, send sth to sbd, write sth to sbd. Intransitive verbs are characterized by the fact that they never occur with the object: e.g. disappear, rain, work, happen, arrive, sleep, exist, stand. There are the verbs of dual nature, being both transitive and intransitive: e.g. win, win a game; eat, eat dinner; try, try sth; remember, remember the event; read, read a book; study, study the subject.
As regards formal features, distinctive is the existence of the two groups of English verbs in accordance to the ways of forming the Past Simple and Past Participle (regular and irregular); above all, English is made to stand out due to the group of multi-word verbs, which consist of phrasal verbs (e.g. take in, hold on, make out, fill in, keep up, bring out, come down, fall for), prepositional verbs (e.g. ask for, insist on, say to, wait for, deal with, smile at, apply to, result in) and phrasal prepositional verbs (e.g. put up with, look forward to, turn back to, get on with, catch up with, come up with hand over to).
To sum up, the grammatical features of the verb are outlined like the following: categorical meaning of process being developed in time and embedded in semantics of a verb with or without a qualitative change; structural dimensions of a verb reflected in its subcategorisation; verb-forming derivational patterns alongside its peculiarities in grammatical forms; categorical changeable forms of tense, aspect, taxis, voice, mood, person, number; opposition of finite vs non-finite verb-forms: the finite as performing the function of a finite predicate(We have run out of bread) and the non-finite as performing non-verbal functions: subject (Eating vegetables is healthy), attributive (This is the best way to relax), adverbial (While walking, take care of yourself), object (They avoided arguing); functional significance expressed in certain syntactic functions in association with types of combinality
Key words:
general categorial meaning обобщенное категориальное значение
affixation аффиксация
conversion конверсия
compounding образование сложно-составных глаголов
stative verbs глаголы состояния
dynamic verbs глаголы динамические
single grammatical form единичная грамматическая форма
combined grammatical form комбинированная грамматическая форма
functional significance функциональная значимость
notional verbs знаменательные глаголы
structural verbs структурные\служебные глаголы
modal verbs модальные глаголы
auxiliary verbs вспомогательные глаголы
linking verbs\copulars глаголы-связки\копулятивные
activity verbs глаголы активного действия
communication verbs коммуникативные глаголы
mental verbs ментальные глаголы
physical state verbs глаголы физического состояния
perception verbs глаголы восприятия
verbs of single occurrence глаголы единичного действия
causative verbs каузативные глаголы
emotive verbs эмотивные глаголы
compound nominal predicate составное именное сказуемое
current copular verbs копулятивные глаголы состояния
resulting copular verbs копулятивные глаголы результата
transitive verbs переходные глаголы
intransitive verbs непереходные глаголы
verbal valency глагольная валентность
subject подлежащее
object дополнение
direct object прямое дополнение
indirect object косвенное дополнение
monotransative verbs монопереходные глаголы
ditransative verbs дипереходные глаголы
multi-word verbs многословные глаголы
phrasal verbs фразовые глаголы
prepositional verbs предложные глаголы
phrasal prepositional verbs фразовые предложные глаголы
Practical assignments