- •Topic 1: General Account of the Grammatical Structure of the English Language under Theoretical Analysis
- •1.2. Basic notions of the grammatical description: grammatical form, grammatical meaning, paradigm, grammatical category
- •1.Pick out the word forms with common grammatical meaning to create appropriate grammatical categories. Do they correspond to the English variants?
- •2.Analyse the following pairs of words. What grammatical devices are used to denote grammatical meanings? Figure out cases in English:
- •3.Which grammatical categories are made up by the paradigm of the given grammatical forms?
- •1.3. Classification of words into parts of speech
- •1.Provide a suitable context to figure out the parts of speech these words belong to:
- •2.Recognize the following words as notional or structural parts of speech. Consider the grammatical form, lexical meaning and syntactical function (make up a phrase):
- •2.1. Categorial meaning, division of nouns into subclasses
- •1.Translate into Russian. Match the nouns with the items in the list: common, proper, abstract, collective, mass:
- •2.Think of the English equivalents to the given nouns. Recognise their subclasses:
- •Revision tasks for self-control
- •2.2. Grammatical categories of the noun: number
- •1.Make up if possible singular and plural of the nouns. Compare them with the corresponding English word forms:
- •2.Supply a predicate in the singular or the plural as appropriate to the nouns used as subjects:
- •2.3. Grammatical categories of the noun: Case
- •1.Point out the grammatical content of the inflectional Genitive; translate into Russian:
- •2.Analyse the meaning of the ‘of-Genitive’. What are the corresponding Russian word forms? Do possible substitutions for ‘s-inflection:
- •3.Choose the correct case form in English. Note appropriate transformations in the translation:
- •Revision tasks for self-control
- •3.1. Categorial meaning, grammatical forms and classes of the Verb
- •1.Point out notional and structural verbs:
- •2.Identify the verbs as stative, dynamic, transitive, intransitive:
- •3.Find phrasal verbs, identifying them as transitive/intransitive, separable/inseparable. Think of both grammatical and lexical differences:
- •4.Match modal verb forms in accordance with the given meanings: ability, possibility, probability, logical assumptions, permission, necessity, obligation, duty, prohibition:
- •Revision tasks for self-control
- •Finite versus non-finite verb forms
- •1.Name the grammatical categories in which the verbals differ:
- •2.Consider different functions of the infinitive:
- •3.Consider different functions of the gerund:
- •4.Consider different functions of the participle:
- •5.Point out verbal constructions:
- •Revision tasks for self-control
- •3.3. Grammatical categories of the verb: tense, taxis, aspect
- •1.What time (present, past, future) does the process denoted by the verb refer to?
- •2.Consider the following oppositions and account for the difference between the verb forms belonging to Continuous / Non-Continuous, Perfect / Non-Perfect:
- •3.Translate into English. Match the verb forms with the meanings indicating:
- •Revision tasks for self-control
- •3.4. Grammatical categories of the verb: voice
- •1.Make as many active – passive transformations as possible:
- •2.Rewrite the following passages into Passive; wherever necessary translate into English:
- •3.Translate into English. Put the Passive voice wherever necessary:
- •3.5. Grammatical categories of the verb: mood
- •1.How do the underlined verbs differ grammatically? Is there difference in person? number? mood? tense? aspect? taxis? voice?
- •2.Match English and Russian verb forms of the Subjunctive in accordance with the given meanings; Work them out in the given sentences:
- •3.Think of possible similarities and differences in the choice of conjunctions:
- •4.Transform the situations by using the sentences with the Subjunctive Mood; recognize unreal meanings:
- •5.Translate into English. Are the verb forms equal? What is preferable in formal and informal speech?
- •Revision tasks for self-control
- •4.1. General remarks on syntactic problems
- •4.2. Syntagmatic connections in word-groups: types of syntactic relations
- •4.3. Syntactic relations and ways of their expression
- •1.Determine the type of syntactic relations between the components of word-phrases. Translate either into Russian or English:
- •2.Distinguish between the phrases; show differences in translation:
- •5.1. Predication, its types and expression
- •5.2. Classification of sentences: structural, semantic, communicative
- •1.Make difference between types of predication: explicit / implicit, single-headed / double-headed:
- •2.Point out structural types of sentences: one-member / two-member, extended / non-extended, complete / incomplete, simple / composite, quasi-sentences:
- •3.Distinguish between communicative types of sentences: declarative, interrogative, negative, exclamatory:
- •4.Consider semantic types of sentences: personal / impersonal, definite / indefinite, actual / relational / statal:
- •5.Look at the one-member Russian sentences and translate them into English:
- •5.3. Division of the sentence: principal vs secondary parts
- •1.Note the way how the predicative centre is formed in the English simple sentence; take care of inversion. Highlight different types of the predicate and the subject.
- •2.Point out the forms of secondary parts of a sentence, with a special focus on possible Russian equivalents:
- •6.1. Features of a composite sentence
- •6.2. Complex sentence
- •6.3. Semi-complex sentence
- •6.4. Compound sentence
- •6.5. Semi-compound sentence
- •1.Pay attention to the form of a subject and a predicate in clauses of composite sentences, highlighting logic focus on them. Translate into Russian:
- •2.In the given below semi-composite sentences point out cases of secondary predication, performing objective, attributive and adverbial function. Think of possible corresponding Russian variants:
- •3.Express the syntactic positions of subject, predicate, object, attribute and adverbial modifier by corresponding clauses, wherever possible:
- •4.Complete the structure of the semi-composite sentences, translating from Russian into English:
- •5.Translate into English; justify the choice either of a clause or a verbal construction:
- •Recommended literature
- •I. Engagement and comprehension activities:
- •1. Making predictions
- •2. Setting up expectations about the theme of the text
- •3. Making guesses about the author’s tone and intention
- •4. Deducing meaning and ideas
- •5. Making cross-cultural comparison
- •6. Vocabulary development
- •II. Activate activities:
- •2. Setting up expectations about thematic formation of the text
- •1. Do the following statements agree with the information given in the passage?
- •2. Reassemble sequences of lines to provide cohesion and coherence of the text in the form of a,b,c,d,e,f,g,h:
- •3. Scan the text for keywords and phrases essential to your understanding of the theme?
- •4. The author recognizes the fact that
- •5. Which of the sentences best summarizes what the text is about?
- •5. Making cross-cultural comparison
- •1. Think of the associations you have with the word ‘stress’.
- •2. Do the following statements reflect the author’s attitude to gender differences in stress response:
- •3. Make cross-cultural connections:
- •Indicating purpose:
- •III. Summarizing statements on the given reading passage :
- •IV. Conclusive remarks:
- •1.Pick out the word forms with common grammatical meaning to create appropriate grammatical categories. Do they correspond to the English variants?
- •2.Analyse the following pairs of words. What grammatical devices are used to denote grammatical meanings? Figure out cases in English:
- •3.Which grammatical categories are made up by the paradigm of the given grammatical forms?
- •1.Provide a suitable context to figure out the parts of speech these words belong to:
- •2.Recognize the following words as notional or structural parts of speech. Consider the grammatical form, lexical meaning and syntactical function (make up a phrase):
- •1.Translate into Russian. Match the nouns with the items in the list: common, proper, abstract, collective, mass:
- •2.Think of the English equivalents to the given nouns. Recognise their subclasses:
- •1.Make up if possible singular and plural of the nouns. Compare them with the corresponding English word forms:
- •2.Supply a predicate in the singular or the plural as appropriate to the nouns used as subjects:
- •1.Point out the grammatical content of the inflectional Genitive; translate into Russian:
- •2.Analyse the meaning of the ‘of-Genitive’. What are the corresponding Russian word forms? Do possible substitutions for ‘s-inflection:
- •3.Choose the correct case form in English. Note appropriate transformations in the translation:
- •Topic 3: Morphological Features of the Verb as Part of speech
- •1.Point out notional and structural verbs:
- •2.Identify the verbs as stative, dynamic, transitive, intransitive:
- •3.Find phrasal verbs, identifying them as transitive/intransitive, separable/inseparable. Think of both grammatical and lexical differences:
- •4.Match modal verb forms in accordance with the given meanings: ability, possibility, probability, logical assumptions, permission, necessity, obligation, duty, prohibition:
- •1.Name the grammatical categories in which the verbals differ:
- •2.Consider different functions of the infinitive:
- •3.Consider different functions of the gerund:
- •4.Consider different functions of the participle:
- •5.Point out verbal constructions:
- •1.What time (present, past, future) does the process denoted by the verb refer to?
- •2.Consider the following oppositions and account for the difference between the verb forms belonging to Continuous / Non-Continuous, Perfect / Non-Perfect:
- •3.Translate into English. Match the verb forms with the meanings indicating:
- •1.Make as many active – passive transformations as possible:
- •2.Rewrite the following passages into Passive; wherever necessary translate into English:
- •3.Translate into English. Put the Passive voice wherever necessary:
- •1.How do the underlined verbs differ grammatically? Is there difference in person? number? mood? tense? aspect? taxis? voice?
- •2.Match English and Russian verb forms of the Subjunctive in accordance with the given meanings; Work them out in the given sentences:
- •3.Think of possible similarities and differences in the choice of conjunctions:
- •4.Transform the situations by using the sentences with the Subjunctive Mood; recognize unreal meanings:
- •5.Translate into English. Are the verb forms equal? What is preferable in formal and informal speech?
- •4.2. Syntagmatic connections in word-groups: types of syntactic relations.
- •1.Determine the type of syntactic relations between the components of word-phrases. Translate either into Russian or English:
- •2.Distinguish between the phrases; show differences in translation:
- •Topic 5: Sentence as a predicative unit: structural, semantic, communicative aspects
- •Practical assignments
- •1.Make difference between types of predication: explicit / implicit, single-headed / double-headed:
- •2.Point out structural types of sentences: one-member / two-member, extended / non-extended, complete / incomplete, simple / composite, quasi-sentences:
- •3.Distinguish between communicative types of sentences: declarative, interrogative, negative, exclamatory:
- •4.Consider semantic types of sentences: personal / impersonal, definite / indefinite, actual / relational / statal:
- •5.Look at the one-member Russian sentences and translate them into English:
- •1.Note the way how the predicative centre is formed in the English simple sentence; take care of inversion. Highlight different types of the predicate and the subject;
- •2.Point out the forms of secondary parts of a sentence, with a special focus on possible Russian equivalents:
- •Topic 6: Composite sentence: types, clauses, connectors
- •1.Pay attention to the form of a subject and a predicate in clauses of composite sentences, highlighting logic focus on them. Translate into Russian:
- •2.In the given below semi-composite sentences point out cases of secondary predication, performing objective, attributive and adverbial function. Think of possible corresponding Russian variants:
- •3.Express the syntactic positions of subject, predicate, object, attribute and adverbial modifier by corresponding clauses, wherever possible:
- •4.Complete the structure of the semi-composite sentences, translating from Russian into English:
- •5.Translate into English; justify the choice either of a clause or a verbal construction:
- •Recommended literature
1.Pick out the word forms with common grammatical meaning to create appropriate grammatical categories. Do they correspond to the English variants?
Писал, прочитал, на окне, у стены, говорю, поле, должен, стоим, люди, рука, домов, волки, учитель, искусство, сердце, выучил, делать, продавать, хороший, буду ждать, книги, брат, проанализирую, более интересный, сидите, делал бы, смотря, прошедший, разговаривают, зубы, изобретает, часы, строится, осторожнее, самый скучный, был продиктован, встал бы, могу, продал, зная, мать, самый трудный, смеюсь, дети, ум, больше, ловил, поймал, пишущий.
2.Analyse the following pairs of words. What grammatical devices are used to denote grammatical meanings? Figure out cases in English:
Друг – друзья, возить – вожу, стол – столы, книга – книге, шел – шел бы, нога – ноги, рассказываешь – буду рассказывать, сделаю – мог бы сделать, современный – современнее, был – была, мышь – мыши, плохо – хуже, иду – шел, читал – был прочитан, буду писать – напишу, она есть – они есть, письмо к другу – письмо друга, рисовать – рисующий, дом – к дому, ехал – приехал, брал – взял, подарок брату – подарок брата, бежать – бегу, я – мне, одевать – одеваться, ты – твой – тебя, сказать – скажу – сказал, надо – нужно.
3.Which grammatical categories are made up by the paradigm of the given grammatical forms?
Exciting – more exciting – the most exciting; write – wrote – would have written; tooth – teeth; speak – spoke – having spoken; translate – is translated – was translated; the boy’s book – the boys’ rooms – at the boy’s; painted – was painting; reads – has read; far – further – the furthest; have talked – have been talking; study – would study – should study; carefully – less carefully; drive – are driving; the key to the door – the car keys – the son’s keys; he asks – I ask – they ask – we ask; will deliver – will have delivered; the public’s view – the point of view; criterion – criteria; goose – geese, story - stories, talk- is being talked; interesting- less interesting- the least interesting; give- might have been given; take – taking - taken.
Supplementary:
Systemic nature of grammar: types of systematic relations
Language as a system of signs; lingual synchrony and diachrony.
Language vs Speech.
Lingual units and syntagmatic relations. Types of syntagmas.
Lingual units and paradigmatic relations. Grammatical paradigms, oppositional paradigmatic series.
(see: M.Y.Bloch. A Course in Theoretical English Grammar, Chapter 1, 4)
Morphemic structure of the word
Definition of a morpheme as component of a word.
Positional and functional criteria of the study of the morphemic structure of a word.
Traditional classification: root-morpheme and affixal morphemes.
Morphemic model of the English word.
Allo-emic theory in Descriptive Linguistics; definition of an allo-term and eme-term.
Distribution and distributional analysis with respect to the morphemic level.
Types of distribution: contrastive, non-contrastive, complementary.
Distributional morpheme types: free and bound, overt and covert, segmental and supra-segmental, additive and replacive, continuous and discontinuous.
(see: M.Y.Bloch. A Course in Theoretical English Grammar, Chapter 2, 2-5)
Revision tasks for self- control
What is the aim of Grammar?
What is the grammatical structure of the language?
Point out the aspects of the grammatical description of the language.
What are the distinguishing features of synthetical and analytical word forms?
What is the function of inflection, suppletivity, analytical forms?
List the features characterizing English as an analytical language.
Give the definition of the grammatical form of a word.
What are the ways of changing grammatical forms in English?
What are the types of the grammatical meaning?
What is the paradigm?
Give the definition of the grammatical category.
1.3. Classification of words into parts of speech. All the words of a language fall into lexico-grammatical classes or parts of speech which must be identified proceeding from lexical meaning, morphological characteristics and syntactical functions. So parts of speech are discriminated on the basis of the three criteria: semantic criterion based on the evaluation of the generalized categorical meaning characterizing all sets of words constituting a given part of speech and having complete or incomplete nominative meaning; formal criterion provides for the specific word-building features as well as formal properties of grammatical forms being possibly included into certain grammatical categories; functional criterion concerns the syntactic role of a given part of speech in the sentence production, serving either self-dependent functions (of subject, predicate, object, attribute, adverbial modifier) or non-self-dependent functions (i.e. mediatory).
The paradigm of parts of speech in English includes the following: noun, adjective, pronoun, numeral, verb, adverb, preposition, conjunction, article, particle, interjection; all parts of speech are equally subdivided into notional and structural words. Notional words (noun, adjective, numeral, pronoun, verb, adverb) have a full lexical nominatjve meaning of their own denoting things, qualities, actions, states, property of property and can function as independent parts of the sentence, i.e. as subject, predicate, object, attribute and adverbial modifier. For example, a part of speech is defined as an adjective due to(a) the categorical meaning of property with a complete nominative meaning, (b) specific suffixal forms of derivation, (c) the capacity of qualitative adjectives to build up the category of degree, synthetically or analytically, (d) finally, playing the roles of an attribute or adjectival predicative. Structural words have no lexical nominative meaning of their own and cannot be used as independent parts of the sentence. They are either connectors or determiners. Connectors are used to connect words grammatically or shape the grammatical forms of a certain part of a sentence. Here belong prepositions (at, in, from, on), conjunctions (that, which, what, till), auxiliaries (will, do, be, more, less), and linking verbs (seem, be, become, get, look). Determiners are used to specify the meaning of the notional words they refer to. These are articles and pronouns (a/the, his, this, that). The use of the article is of obligatory nature for English nouns and testifies to the existence of a special category of determination expressed by the article paradigm of three grammatical forms: the definite, the indefinite, the zero.
It should be noted that the distinction between structural and notional words is not quite definite in some ways: one and the same can be used in both functions in different contexts: e.g. be/have/do as notional words in the meaning of ‘exist/possess/fulfill’ and as connectors, as link-verbs to form Passive Voice (is/are painted), Present Continuous (is/are working), Perfect tenses (have/has written) and others. Moreover, the border-line is often hardly recognizable in distinguishing notional parts of speech. The fact of the matter is that English notionals can change their nature depending on the contextual environment: American/an American, human/a human, a book/to book, flat/a flat, fat (n)/fat (adj), clean/to clean. Due to the historical development, their true lexico-grammatical nature cannot be discriminated when taken out of a word phrase or sentence.
Hence, the striking feature of English parts of speech is variability of some notionals, which can often shift from one part of speech to another without any morphological changes in their form.
Key words:
lexical meaning лексическое значение
morphological characteristics морфологические характеристики
syntactical functions синтаксические функции
semantic criterion семантический критерий
complete nominative meaning полнозначное номинативное значение
incomplete nominative meaning неполнозначное номинативное значение
formal criterion формальный критерий
word-building features словообразовательные свойства
functional criterion функциональный критерий
self-dependent function независимая функция
subject подлежащее
predicate сказуемое
object дополнение
attribute определение
adverbial modifier обстоятельство
non-self-dependent function зависимая функция.
noun существительное
аdjective прилагательное
pronoun местоимение
numeral числительное
verb глагол
adverb наречие
preposition предлог
conjunction союз
article артикль
particle частица
interjection междометие
notional word знаменательное слово
structural word структурное\служебное слово
full lexical nominative meaning полное лексическое номинативное значение
things предметы
qualities качества
actions действия
states состояния
property of property качество качества
independent parts of the sentence независимая часть предложения
categorical meaning of property категориальное значение качества
derivation деривация
qualitative adjectives качественные прилагательные
attribute определение
adjectival predicative прилагательное-предикатив
connectors коннекторы
determiners детерминативы
category of determination категория определенности
Practical assignments