- •Topic 1: General Account of the Grammatical Structure of the English Language under Theoretical Analysis
- •1.2. Basic notions of the grammatical description: grammatical form, grammatical meaning, paradigm, grammatical category
- •1.Pick out the word forms with common grammatical meaning to create appropriate grammatical categories. Do they correspond to the English variants?
- •2.Analyse the following pairs of words. What grammatical devices are used to denote grammatical meanings? Figure out cases in English:
- •3.Which grammatical categories are made up by the paradigm of the given grammatical forms?
- •1.3. Classification of words into parts of speech
- •1.Provide a suitable context to figure out the parts of speech these words belong to:
- •2.Recognize the following words as notional or structural parts of speech. Consider the grammatical form, lexical meaning and syntactical function (make up a phrase):
- •2.1. Categorial meaning, division of nouns into subclasses
- •1.Translate into Russian. Match the nouns with the items in the list: common, proper, abstract, collective, mass:
- •2.Think of the English equivalents to the given nouns. Recognise their subclasses:
- •Revision tasks for self-control
- •2.2. Grammatical categories of the noun: number
- •1.Make up if possible singular and plural of the nouns. Compare them with the corresponding English word forms:
- •2.Supply a predicate in the singular or the plural as appropriate to the nouns used as subjects:
- •2.3. Grammatical categories of the noun: Case
- •1.Point out the grammatical content of the inflectional Genitive; translate into Russian:
- •2.Analyse the meaning of the ‘of-Genitive’. What are the corresponding Russian word forms? Do possible substitutions for ‘s-inflection:
- •3.Choose the correct case form in English. Note appropriate transformations in the translation:
- •Revision tasks for self-control
- •3.1. Categorial meaning, grammatical forms and classes of the Verb
- •1.Point out notional and structural verbs:
- •2.Identify the verbs as stative, dynamic, transitive, intransitive:
- •3.Find phrasal verbs, identifying them as transitive/intransitive, separable/inseparable. Think of both grammatical and lexical differences:
- •4.Match modal verb forms in accordance with the given meanings: ability, possibility, probability, logical assumptions, permission, necessity, obligation, duty, prohibition:
- •Revision tasks for self-control
- •Finite versus non-finite verb forms
- •1.Name the grammatical categories in which the verbals differ:
- •2.Consider different functions of the infinitive:
- •3.Consider different functions of the gerund:
- •4.Consider different functions of the participle:
- •5.Point out verbal constructions:
- •Revision tasks for self-control
- •3.3. Grammatical categories of the verb: tense, taxis, aspect
- •1.What time (present, past, future) does the process denoted by the verb refer to?
- •2.Consider the following oppositions and account for the difference between the verb forms belonging to Continuous / Non-Continuous, Perfect / Non-Perfect:
- •3.Translate into English. Match the verb forms with the meanings indicating:
- •Revision tasks for self-control
- •3.4. Grammatical categories of the verb: voice
- •1.Make as many active – passive transformations as possible:
- •2.Rewrite the following passages into Passive; wherever necessary translate into English:
- •3.Translate into English. Put the Passive voice wherever necessary:
- •3.5. Grammatical categories of the verb: mood
- •1.How do the underlined verbs differ grammatically? Is there difference in person? number? mood? tense? aspect? taxis? voice?
- •2.Match English and Russian verb forms of the Subjunctive in accordance with the given meanings; Work them out in the given sentences:
- •3.Think of possible similarities and differences in the choice of conjunctions:
- •4.Transform the situations by using the sentences with the Subjunctive Mood; recognize unreal meanings:
- •5.Translate into English. Are the verb forms equal? What is preferable in formal and informal speech?
- •Revision tasks for self-control
- •4.1. General remarks on syntactic problems
- •4.2. Syntagmatic connections in word-groups: types of syntactic relations
- •4.3. Syntactic relations and ways of their expression
- •1.Determine the type of syntactic relations between the components of word-phrases. Translate either into Russian or English:
- •2.Distinguish between the phrases; show differences in translation:
- •5.1. Predication, its types and expression
- •5.2. Classification of sentences: structural, semantic, communicative
- •1.Make difference between types of predication: explicit / implicit, single-headed / double-headed:
- •2.Point out structural types of sentences: one-member / two-member, extended / non-extended, complete / incomplete, simple / composite, quasi-sentences:
- •3.Distinguish between communicative types of sentences: declarative, interrogative, negative, exclamatory:
- •4.Consider semantic types of sentences: personal / impersonal, definite / indefinite, actual / relational / statal:
- •5.Look at the one-member Russian sentences and translate them into English:
- •5.3. Division of the sentence: principal vs secondary parts
- •1.Note the way how the predicative centre is formed in the English simple sentence; take care of inversion. Highlight different types of the predicate and the subject.
- •2.Point out the forms of secondary parts of a sentence, with a special focus on possible Russian equivalents:
- •6.1. Features of a composite sentence
- •6.2. Complex sentence
- •6.3. Semi-complex sentence
- •6.4. Compound sentence
- •6.5. Semi-compound sentence
- •1.Pay attention to the form of a subject and a predicate in clauses of composite sentences, highlighting logic focus on them. Translate into Russian:
- •2.In the given below semi-composite sentences point out cases of secondary predication, performing objective, attributive and adverbial function. Think of possible corresponding Russian variants:
- •3.Express the syntactic positions of subject, predicate, object, attribute and adverbial modifier by corresponding clauses, wherever possible:
- •4.Complete the structure of the semi-composite sentences, translating from Russian into English:
- •5.Translate into English; justify the choice either of a clause or a verbal construction:
- •Recommended literature
- •I. Engagement and comprehension activities:
- •1. Making predictions
- •2. Setting up expectations about the theme of the text
- •3. Making guesses about the author’s tone and intention
- •4. Deducing meaning and ideas
- •5. Making cross-cultural comparison
- •6. Vocabulary development
- •II. Activate activities:
- •2. Setting up expectations about thematic formation of the text
- •1. Do the following statements agree with the information given in the passage?
- •2. Reassemble sequences of lines to provide cohesion and coherence of the text in the form of a,b,c,d,e,f,g,h:
- •3. Scan the text for keywords and phrases essential to your understanding of the theme?
- •4. The author recognizes the fact that
- •5. Which of the sentences best summarizes what the text is about?
- •5. Making cross-cultural comparison
- •1. Think of the associations you have with the word ‘stress’.
- •2. Do the following statements reflect the author’s attitude to gender differences in stress response:
- •3. Make cross-cultural connections:
- •Indicating purpose:
- •III. Summarizing statements on the given reading passage :
- •IV. Conclusive remarks:
- •1.Pick out the word forms with common grammatical meaning to create appropriate grammatical categories. Do they correspond to the English variants?
- •2.Analyse the following pairs of words. What grammatical devices are used to denote grammatical meanings? Figure out cases in English:
- •3.Which grammatical categories are made up by the paradigm of the given grammatical forms?
- •1.Provide a suitable context to figure out the parts of speech these words belong to:
- •2.Recognize the following words as notional or structural parts of speech. Consider the grammatical form, lexical meaning and syntactical function (make up a phrase):
- •1.Translate into Russian. Match the nouns with the items in the list: common, proper, abstract, collective, mass:
- •2.Think of the English equivalents to the given nouns. Recognise their subclasses:
- •1.Make up if possible singular and plural of the nouns. Compare them with the corresponding English word forms:
- •2.Supply a predicate in the singular or the plural as appropriate to the nouns used as subjects:
- •1.Point out the grammatical content of the inflectional Genitive; translate into Russian:
- •2.Analyse the meaning of the ‘of-Genitive’. What are the corresponding Russian word forms? Do possible substitutions for ‘s-inflection:
- •3.Choose the correct case form in English. Note appropriate transformations in the translation:
- •Topic 3: Morphological Features of the Verb as Part of speech
- •1.Point out notional and structural verbs:
- •2.Identify the verbs as stative, dynamic, transitive, intransitive:
- •3.Find phrasal verbs, identifying them as transitive/intransitive, separable/inseparable. Think of both grammatical and lexical differences:
- •4.Match modal verb forms in accordance with the given meanings: ability, possibility, probability, logical assumptions, permission, necessity, obligation, duty, prohibition:
- •1.Name the grammatical categories in which the verbals differ:
- •2.Consider different functions of the infinitive:
- •3.Consider different functions of the gerund:
- •4.Consider different functions of the participle:
- •5.Point out verbal constructions:
- •1.What time (present, past, future) does the process denoted by the verb refer to?
- •2.Consider the following oppositions and account for the difference between the verb forms belonging to Continuous / Non-Continuous, Perfect / Non-Perfect:
- •3.Translate into English. Match the verb forms with the meanings indicating:
- •1.Make as many active – passive transformations as possible:
- •2.Rewrite the following passages into Passive; wherever necessary translate into English:
- •3.Translate into English. Put the Passive voice wherever necessary:
- •1.How do the underlined verbs differ grammatically? Is there difference in person? number? mood? tense? aspect? taxis? voice?
- •2.Match English and Russian verb forms of the Subjunctive in accordance with the given meanings; Work them out in the given sentences:
- •3.Think of possible similarities and differences in the choice of conjunctions:
- •4.Transform the situations by using the sentences with the Subjunctive Mood; recognize unreal meanings:
- •5.Translate into English. Are the verb forms equal? What is preferable in formal and informal speech?
- •4.2. Syntagmatic connections in word-groups: types of syntactic relations.
- •1.Determine the type of syntactic relations between the components of word-phrases. Translate either into Russian or English:
- •2.Distinguish between the phrases; show differences in translation:
- •Topic 5: Sentence as a predicative unit: structural, semantic, communicative aspects
- •Practical assignments
- •1.Make difference between types of predication: explicit / implicit, single-headed / double-headed:
- •2.Point out structural types of sentences: one-member / two-member, extended / non-extended, complete / incomplete, simple / composite, quasi-sentences:
- •3.Distinguish between communicative types of sentences: declarative, interrogative, negative, exclamatory:
- •4.Consider semantic types of sentences: personal / impersonal, definite / indefinite, actual / relational / statal:
- •5.Look at the one-member Russian sentences and translate them into English:
- •1.Note the way how the predicative centre is formed in the English simple sentence; take care of inversion. Highlight different types of the predicate and the subject;
- •2.Point out the forms of secondary parts of a sentence, with a special focus on possible Russian equivalents:
- •Topic 6: Composite sentence: types, clauses, connectors
- •1.Pay attention to the form of a subject and a predicate in clauses of composite sentences, highlighting logic focus on them. Translate into Russian:
- •2.In the given below semi-composite sentences point out cases of secondary predication, performing objective, attributive and adverbial function. Think of possible corresponding Russian variants:
- •3.Express the syntactic positions of subject, predicate, object, attribute and adverbial modifier by corresponding clauses, wherever possible:
- •4.Complete the structure of the semi-composite sentences, translating from Russian into English:
- •5.Translate into English; justify the choice either of a clause or a verbal construction:
- •Recommended literature
1.Note the way how the predicative centre is formed in the English simple sentence; take care of inversion. Highlight different types of the predicate and the subject.
The conference is due to start in the morning. At that time the phenomenon must have been given wrong interpretation. What will you be doing in two years’ time? The bedroom looks a lot tidier. Never have I heard such a lie in my life. They expected to be treated like human beings. The audience would be delighted to welcome all the guests. It is going to make a thought provoking reading. Little do we know yet about incurable diseases. There seem to be some other facts of big priority. We don’t have to pay taxes, do we? Luggage must not be left unattended. You oughtn’t to have tipped the waiter! Participating in the event will be David. He is not supposed to watch films for under-sixteens. Opportunities are given to people with initiatives. All this mess needs clearing away. Generally accepted today is the existence of genetic engineering. I hate having my hair cut. She appears to be a stunningly beautiful woman. Eventually, we had found the check in by the time of the announcement. They are always having arguments. Not a penny could he find in his pocket. Available at present is the information on general aspects of the problem. Do take a seat, won’t you? Before the bankruptcy the company had been losing the money for months. Taxes are to go up from next April. Following is an excerpt from his speech. How much does it cost to get tickets? Surprisingly, he is being very sociable today. I’m having a lot of guests around tonight. His story sounds great. Haven’t you put those shelves up yet? Only after a short break did they take a decision. There has been a lot of work. Are you likely to see her in the near future? The assumption was accepted for the purpose of the experiment. It has been proved by a great number of findings. Based on statistics is the work requiring exact figures. The snow fell soft and gentle on his face and hair. Seldom does a politician perform well. It has been sleeting heavily for the last few days, but it has not been freezing.
2.Point out the forms of secondary parts of a sentence, with a special focus on possible Russian equivalents:
a) objects: direct, indirect, prepositional:
She smiled an encouraging smile. I’11 tell you no lies. You should insure your camera against theft. The hotel supplied us with a packed lunch. She is very good at cooking. She had to explain the whole affair to everyone. He wanted to arrest a criminal red-handed. Can I add something to your list? That energy crisis requires both economic and technological efforts. At the party they will be giving nice gifts to her. Fetch a file for me, could you? The hostess divided the pudding into four portions. She promised nothing just keeping the promise. They are responsible for the damage in the equipment. They consider the ecology problems during the discussion. Ask me no questions. The new scheme is being decided on economic grounds. The current situation forces new forms of cooperation. Let me read this news item to you. They take him as a promising scientist. Do you take pride in your appearance? I have been deserted by all my friends. He is very jealous of my new car.
b) attribute: restrictive, non-restrictive, appositive:
The job suggests a three-year experience. Chemistry professor was a small, dreamy-looking man, gentle and kindly in manner and usually completely absent- minded. The work to be done takes up a lot of time and energy. It was the hour of sunset, unnoticed in cities, so beautiful and solemn in the country. We were quite impressed by relaxing soothing atmosphere of the party. These are valuable Australian postage stamps. They must be bothered about the rights of disadvantaged people. We have been expecting this worrying news. Most issues revealed a growing interest in the current situation. I did not like the far-fetched plot of the story. His only daughter Edna, a teacher of French at High School, kept house for him. We evidently see the necessity of the relationship between society and science. He appeared to be bullying, self-important and with a big head at times. This question needs good knowledge on the subject. The used methods proved to be very effective. The senator was Frederick Prentice, chairman of the Senate Armed Services Committee, a power in his party.
c) adverbial modifier: time, location, reason, result, condition, concession, manner, attendant circumstances, purpose, comparison:
That very evening I came across her at a party in my friend’s house. She stepped aside to let me pass. I didn’t spill my coffee on purpose. Read the text thoroughly. With all her faults, she was quite charming. I was lucky to find the solution by accident. Do you mind using this saucer as a plate? You can keep this book until next week. Try not to make noise during the meeting. In spite of a long pause, the speaker got down to another item. The passengers had to stand in the queue. Are you close enough to see properly? These are really luxurious apartments set in this absolutely magnificent seaside resort. To win the world title the team had done a lot of training every day throughout the winter. She waited impatiently in the departure lounge. Could you confirm that in writing? Though terribly exhausted he went on with the experiment. Another letter has been sent in order to get further details. Nature is being damaged by man, with unpredictable impact. She walked away rapidly, without her coat on. The company wants us to pay for the goods in advance. The situation is too complicated to be neglected. Despite stressful atmosphere he answered openly and willingly. He was too annoyed to reply immediately. He hesitated a moment before the bridge. Because of its originality the innovation is of interest. But for the disease he would have entered the contest. They showed their boredom by empty indifferent eyes. He strolled about the garden as if looking for something. He has never been into it since his adventure.
Supplementary 9: Sentence Structure
Traditional parsing presentation based on lexico-grammatical features of sentence parts and their syntactic functions.
IC-model of analysis of sentence structure as made up by binary immediate constituents of subordinative connections with included coordinative connections.
Constituents of level-structure of sentence: subject noun-phrase (NP–subj), predicate verb-phrase (VP–pred) with further subdivision into ultimate constituents.
Definitions accepted like analytical IC diagram with vertical and horizontal lines and IC-derivation tree with branching nodes.
Notion of base pattern, kernel sentence and transforms.
Syntactic derivation understood as paradigmatic production on the basis of the kernel pattern.
Surface structure and deep structure; transformational procedures: morphological arrangement, functional expansion, substitution, deletion, positional arrangement, intonation arrangement.
(see:M.I.Bloch. A Course in Theoretical English Grammar, Chapter 24, 2; Chapter 25, 2-3)
Revision tasks for self-control
Which are the principles of division of sentence structure into its constituent parts?
What is the functional role of principal and secondary parts?
Give explanation on the categorial and syntactical meanings of principal and secondary parts.
Point out the proper types of constituent parts as well as the way of their expression.
TOPIC 6: Composite sentence: types, clauses, connectors