- •Topic 1: General Account of the Grammatical Structure of the English Language under Theoretical Analysis
- •1.2. Basic notions of the grammatical description: grammatical form, grammatical meaning, paradigm, grammatical category
- •1.Pick out the word forms with common grammatical meaning to create appropriate grammatical categories. Do they correspond to the English variants?
- •2.Analyse the following pairs of words. What grammatical devices are used to denote grammatical meanings? Figure out cases in English:
- •3.Which grammatical categories are made up by the paradigm of the given grammatical forms?
- •1.3. Classification of words into parts of speech
- •1.Provide a suitable context to figure out the parts of speech these words belong to:
- •2.Recognize the following words as notional or structural parts of speech. Consider the grammatical form, lexical meaning and syntactical function (make up a phrase):
- •2.1. Categorial meaning, division of nouns into subclasses
- •1.Translate into Russian. Match the nouns with the items in the list: common, proper, abstract, collective, mass:
- •2.Think of the English equivalents to the given nouns. Recognise their subclasses:
- •Revision tasks for self-control
- •2.2. Grammatical categories of the noun: number
- •1.Make up if possible singular and plural of the nouns. Compare them with the corresponding English word forms:
- •2.Supply a predicate in the singular or the plural as appropriate to the nouns used as subjects:
- •2.3. Grammatical categories of the noun: Case
- •1.Point out the grammatical content of the inflectional Genitive; translate into Russian:
- •2.Analyse the meaning of the ‘of-Genitive’. What are the corresponding Russian word forms? Do possible substitutions for ‘s-inflection:
- •3.Choose the correct case form in English. Note appropriate transformations in the translation:
- •Revision tasks for self-control
- •3.1. Categorial meaning, grammatical forms and classes of the Verb
- •1.Point out notional and structural verbs:
- •2.Identify the verbs as stative, dynamic, transitive, intransitive:
- •3.Find phrasal verbs, identifying them as transitive/intransitive, separable/inseparable. Think of both grammatical and lexical differences:
- •4.Match modal verb forms in accordance with the given meanings: ability, possibility, probability, logical assumptions, permission, necessity, obligation, duty, prohibition:
- •Revision tasks for self-control
- •Finite versus non-finite verb forms
- •1.Name the grammatical categories in which the verbals differ:
- •2.Consider different functions of the infinitive:
- •3.Consider different functions of the gerund:
- •4.Consider different functions of the participle:
- •5.Point out verbal constructions:
- •Revision tasks for self-control
- •3.3. Grammatical categories of the verb: tense, taxis, aspect
- •1.What time (present, past, future) does the process denoted by the verb refer to?
- •2.Consider the following oppositions and account for the difference between the verb forms belonging to Continuous / Non-Continuous, Perfect / Non-Perfect:
- •3.Translate into English. Match the verb forms with the meanings indicating:
- •Revision tasks for self-control
- •3.4. Grammatical categories of the verb: voice
- •1.Make as many active – passive transformations as possible:
- •2.Rewrite the following passages into Passive; wherever necessary translate into English:
- •3.Translate into English. Put the Passive voice wherever necessary:
- •3.5. Grammatical categories of the verb: mood
- •1.How do the underlined verbs differ grammatically? Is there difference in person? number? mood? tense? aspect? taxis? voice?
- •2.Match English and Russian verb forms of the Subjunctive in accordance with the given meanings; Work them out in the given sentences:
- •3.Think of possible similarities and differences in the choice of conjunctions:
- •4.Transform the situations by using the sentences with the Subjunctive Mood; recognize unreal meanings:
- •5.Translate into English. Are the verb forms equal? What is preferable in formal and informal speech?
- •Revision tasks for self-control
- •4.1. General remarks on syntactic problems
- •4.2. Syntagmatic connections in word-groups: types of syntactic relations
- •4.3. Syntactic relations and ways of their expression
- •1.Determine the type of syntactic relations between the components of word-phrases. Translate either into Russian or English:
- •2.Distinguish between the phrases; show differences in translation:
- •5.1. Predication, its types and expression
- •5.2. Classification of sentences: structural, semantic, communicative
- •1.Make difference between types of predication: explicit / implicit, single-headed / double-headed:
- •2.Point out structural types of sentences: one-member / two-member, extended / non-extended, complete / incomplete, simple / composite, quasi-sentences:
- •3.Distinguish between communicative types of sentences: declarative, interrogative, negative, exclamatory:
- •4.Consider semantic types of sentences: personal / impersonal, definite / indefinite, actual / relational / statal:
- •5.Look at the one-member Russian sentences and translate them into English:
- •5.3. Division of the sentence: principal vs secondary parts
- •1.Note the way how the predicative centre is formed in the English simple sentence; take care of inversion. Highlight different types of the predicate and the subject.
- •2.Point out the forms of secondary parts of a sentence, with a special focus on possible Russian equivalents:
- •6.1. Features of a composite sentence
- •6.2. Complex sentence
- •6.3. Semi-complex sentence
- •6.4. Compound sentence
- •6.5. Semi-compound sentence
- •1.Pay attention to the form of a subject and a predicate in clauses of composite sentences, highlighting logic focus on them. Translate into Russian:
- •2.In the given below semi-composite sentences point out cases of secondary predication, performing objective, attributive and adverbial function. Think of possible corresponding Russian variants:
- •3.Express the syntactic positions of subject, predicate, object, attribute and adverbial modifier by corresponding clauses, wherever possible:
- •4.Complete the structure of the semi-composite sentences, translating from Russian into English:
- •5.Translate into English; justify the choice either of a clause or a verbal construction:
- •Recommended literature
- •I. Engagement and comprehension activities:
- •1. Making predictions
- •2. Setting up expectations about the theme of the text
- •3. Making guesses about the author’s tone and intention
- •4. Deducing meaning and ideas
- •5. Making cross-cultural comparison
- •6. Vocabulary development
- •II. Activate activities:
- •2. Setting up expectations about thematic formation of the text
- •1. Do the following statements agree with the information given in the passage?
- •2. Reassemble sequences of lines to provide cohesion and coherence of the text in the form of a,b,c,d,e,f,g,h:
- •3. Scan the text for keywords and phrases essential to your understanding of the theme?
- •4. The author recognizes the fact that
- •5. Which of the sentences best summarizes what the text is about?
- •5. Making cross-cultural comparison
- •1. Think of the associations you have with the word ‘stress’.
- •2. Do the following statements reflect the author’s attitude to gender differences in stress response:
- •3. Make cross-cultural connections:
- •Indicating purpose:
- •III. Summarizing statements on the given reading passage :
- •IV. Conclusive remarks:
- •1.Pick out the word forms with common grammatical meaning to create appropriate grammatical categories. Do they correspond to the English variants?
- •2.Analyse the following pairs of words. What grammatical devices are used to denote grammatical meanings? Figure out cases in English:
- •3.Which grammatical categories are made up by the paradigm of the given grammatical forms?
- •1.Provide a suitable context to figure out the parts of speech these words belong to:
- •2.Recognize the following words as notional or structural parts of speech. Consider the grammatical form, lexical meaning and syntactical function (make up a phrase):
- •1.Translate into Russian. Match the nouns with the items in the list: common, proper, abstract, collective, mass:
- •2.Think of the English equivalents to the given nouns. Recognise their subclasses:
- •1.Make up if possible singular and plural of the nouns. Compare them with the corresponding English word forms:
- •2.Supply a predicate in the singular or the plural as appropriate to the nouns used as subjects:
- •1.Point out the grammatical content of the inflectional Genitive; translate into Russian:
- •2.Analyse the meaning of the ‘of-Genitive’. What are the corresponding Russian word forms? Do possible substitutions for ‘s-inflection:
- •3.Choose the correct case form in English. Note appropriate transformations in the translation:
- •Topic 3: Morphological Features of the Verb as Part of speech
- •1.Point out notional and structural verbs:
- •2.Identify the verbs as stative, dynamic, transitive, intransitive:
- •3.Find phrasal verbs, identifying them as transitive/intransitive, separable/inseparable. Think of both grammatical and lexical differences:
- •4.Match modal verb forms in accordance with the given meanings: ability, possibility, probability, logical assumptions, permission, necessity, obligation, duty, prohibition:
- •1.Name the grammatical categories in which the verbals differ:
- •2.Consider different functions of the infinitive:
- •3.Consider different functions of the gerund:
- •4.Consider different functions of the participle:
- •5.Point out verbal constructions:
- •1.What time (present, past, future) does the process denoted by the verb refer to?
- •2.Consider the following oppositions and account for the difference between the verb forms belonging to Continuous / Non-Continuous, Perfect / Non-Perfect:
- •3.Translate into English. Match the verb forms with the meanings indicating:
- •1.Make as many active – passive transformations as possible:
- •2.Rewrite the following passages into Passive; wherever necessary translate into English:
- •3.Translate into English. Put the Passive voice wherever necessary:
- •1.How do the underlined verbs differ grammatically? Is there difference in person? number? mood? tense? aspect? taxis? voice?
- •2.Match English and Russian verb forms of the Subjunctive in accordance with the given meanings; Work them out in the given sentences:
- •3.Think of possible similarities and differences in the choice of conjunctions:
- •4.Transform the situations by using the sentences with the Subjunctive Mood; recognize unreal meanings:
- •5.Translate into English. Are the verb forms equal? What is preferable in formal and informal speech?
- •4.2. Syntagmatic connections in word-groups: types of syntactic relations.
- •1.Determine the type of syntactic relations between the components of word-phrases. Translate either into Russian or English:
- •2.Distinguish between the phrases; show differences in translation:
- •Topic 5: Sentence as a predicative unit: structural, semantic, communicative aspects
- •Practical assignments
- •1.Make difference between types of predication: explicit / implicit, single-headed / double-headed:
- •2.Point out structural types of sentences: one-member / two-member, extended / non-extended, complete / incomplete, simple / composite, quasi-sentences:
- •3.Distinguish between communicative types of sentences: declarative, interrogative, negative, exclamatory:
- •4.Consider semantic types of sentences: personal / impersonal, definite / indefinite, actual / relational / statal:
- •5.Look at the one-member Russian sentences and translate them into English:
- •1.Note the way how the predicative centre is formed in the English simple sentence; take care of inversion. Highlight different types of the predicate and the subject;
- •2.Point out the forms of secondary parts of a sentence, with a special focus on possible Russian equivalents:
- •Topic 6: Composite sentence: types, clauses, connectors
- •1.Pay attention to the form of a subject and a predicate in clauses of composite sentences, highlighting logic focus on them. Translate into Russian:
- •2.In the given below semi-composite sentences point out cases of secondary predication, performing objective, attributive and adverbial function. Think of possible corresponding Russian variants:
- •3.Express the syntactic positions of subject, predicate, object, attribute and adverbial modifier by corresponding clauses, wherever possible:
- •4.Complete the structure of the semi-composite sentences, translating from Russian into English:
- •5.Translate into English; justify the choice either of a clause or a verbal construction:
- •Recommended literature
4.3. Syntactic relations and ways of their expression
So words are syntagmatically connected by the grammatical syntactical relations which have grammatical means of expression in a word-phrase and the sentence in general. Rigid word order in English serves as a basic means of indicating commonly syntactic relation in the structure. Due to the scarcity of morphological devices, English has developed a fixed word order which in most cases shows without fail the syntactic position of a word in a syntactic unit. That is why, in the English sentence the following rules are observed: the subject precedes the predicate; the noun is modified by the preceding attribute; the object follows the predicate; the adverbial modifier begins the sentence or stands at the end of it; homogeneous members follow each other.
Word order combined with intonation serves as a means of indicating the logical centre of the sentence, highlighting the syntactic status of its constituents. Syntactic relations may be also indicated by structural words, special connectors (prepositions or conjunctions): e.g. ‘Peter and Mary’ – shows the connecting conjunction ‘and’; ‘the owner of the house’ – the connection preposition ‘of’; the relations between ‘the children were laughing merrily’ are indicated not only by the order of the respective positions but also by inflexions – the agreement of their grammatical forms in person and plural.
Above all, a specific function is performed by agreement (or concord) based on formal correspondence between members of a syntactic group in person and number (e.g. this book – these books/that, those); the predicate must agree with the subject in person and number as well (e.g. radio and television have changed; the butter is; either Tom or Harry is coming; there is plenty of time; the police were); government based on changes when traditionally the object is to take the form required by the governing element, normally, a verb or a preposition (e.g. I saw him. I am his brother. We rely on them. He is John’s father) and adjoinment based on the adjoining position of two words joined by the common grammatical function and meaning (e.g. a nice story, the country, rapidly recovered, valuable natural resources).
To summarize, relevant features concern not only types of syntactic relations between members of syntactic groups, but also ways of their expression which do exist with different degree of their realization such as: word order, function words, agreement, government, adjoinment, punctuation and intonation.
Key words:
categorial features as part of speech категориальные признаки как части речи
word-forms слово-формы
syntagmatically arranganged синтагматически построены
word-phrase слово-фраза
sentence as a communicative unit предложение как коммуникативная единица
communicative purpose коммуникативная целеустановка
Minor Syntax Малый Синтаксис
Hyper Syntax Гиперсинтаксис
syntactic connection синтаксическая связь
syntactic relations синтаксические отношения
means of expression средства выражения
forms of predication формы предикации
sentence as a predicative syntactic unit предложение как предикативная синтаксическая единица
syntactic unit синтаксическая единица
syntactic constants of the syntactic level синтаксические константы синтаксического уровня
syntactic means синтаксические средства связи
predication\predicative centre предикация, предикативность\предикативный центр
syntagmatic connections синтагматическая связь
types of syntactic relations типы синтаксических отношений
syntagmatic groupings синтагматически связанная группа слов
dominational connection синтаксическая связь с подчинением
equipotent connection синтаксическая связь с эквивалентностью
one-way domination односторонняя подчинительная связь
two-way domination двусторонняя подчинительная связь
principal\dominating главный\определяющий зависимость
head-word главное слово
subordinate\dominated подчиненный\зависимый
adjunct-word слово-адьюнкт\зависимое
subordination подчинение
objective subordinate connections объектная подчинительная связь
qualifying subordinate connections квалификативная подчинительная связь
direct object прямой объект
indirect object непрямой\косвенный объект
attributive type аттрибутивный тип
adverbial type адвербиальный тип
attribute restrictive определение ограничительное
аttribute non-restrictive определение неограничительное
adverbial modifier обстоятельство
subordinate relations подчинительные отношения
secondary parts of sentence второстепенные члены предложения
noun complements комплименты существительного
verb complements комплименты глагола
bilateral\two-way domination двусторонняя подчинительная связь
predicative connection предикативная связь
predicative syntactic relations предикативные синтаксические отношения
subject personal подлежащее личное
subject impersonal подлежащее безличное
predication предикация\предикативность
principal parts of sentence главные члены предложения
Primary Predicative Relations предикативные отношения первичного уровня
Secondary Predicative Relations предикативные отношения вторичного уровня
two-member sentence двусоставное предложение
equipotent\coordinative connections сочинительная связь на основе синтаксической эквивалентности
syntactically equal positions синтаксически эквивалентные позиции
syndetically expressed союзно формально выраженная связь
asyndetically expressed бессоюзная связь
coordinate syntactic relations сочинительные синтаксические отношения
subordinate phrases фразы с подчинением
objective subordinate relations объектные подчинительные отношения
attributive subordinate relations атрибутивные подчинительные отношения
adverbial modifying subordinate relations обстоятельственные подчинительные отношения
subject подлежащее
predicate сказуемое
explicit эксплицитное\формально выраженное как подлежащее или сказуемое
implicit имплицитное\не выраженное как подлежащее или сказуемое
predicative relations предикативные отношения
predicative phrases предикативные фразы
coordinate syntactic relations сочинительные синтаксические отношения
coordinate phrases фразы с сочинением
homogeneous однородные
grammatical means of expression грамматические средства выражения синтаксических отношений
rigid\fixed word order фиксированный порядок слов
agreement of grammatical forms\concord согласование грамматических форм
government управление
adjoinment примыкание
Practical assignments