1.Name the grammatical categories in which the verbals differ:

a)I don’t know how to learn it. I am glad to have learnt it. You should be learning it just now. They seem to have been learning it for years. This is the lesson to be learnt. This rule ought to have been learnt before.

b)He has just finished repairing his car. He objected to his car being repaired. He denied having repaired his car. After having been repaired his car looked fantastic. He took the car without being repaired.

c)They were quarreling. They have just been quarreling. While quarreling, they shouted all time. Having quarreled, they split up. I heard them quarreling. Why are you always quarreling? The friends quarreling at times will soon make up.

2.Consider different functions of the infinitive:

Now, the first thing to settle is what to take with us. He is unlikely to have failed the exam. A celebration like this was a chance not to be missed. It all sounds too good to be true. He refused to take part in the event. This dish is easy to cook. We made a list of things to be taken. He was too stupid to deal with. They waited for dinner to be served. He put down the number to make sure he used it next time. She did not want to sleep. Eventually, I learnt to drive. I would like to have been there. I was surprised to find out that she was missing. She is very keen to do the course. The garden isn’t big enough to play games in. They were encouraged to study hard. He can’t have given them a chance to work. I returned to the station to pick up my sister. He may be sitting in the next room.

3.Consider different functions of the gerund:

Do you mind my calling you back? Arguing is a waste of time. She was proud of being a student. I’ll never forget seeing the Alps for the first time. I’ll be looking forward to hearing from you. He had never liked being a military man. She left the room without saying good-bye. He had a way of talking with women. He admitted having made a mistake. Before going on an expedition we had to test the equipment. His being absent-minded was noticed by everybody. There is no danger of it happening again. It is worth accepting the proposal. He was wakened by someone knocking on the door. Can I rely on you setting matters right? He succeeded in taking the first place. He was in jail for having killed a man in a fight. They did not approve of the offer having been rejected. I insist on their being treated with a certain consideration. After settling down, he began to look desperately for a job.

4.Consider different functions of the participle:

The actress starring in the film is very young. Entering the room, he found it empty. Knowing the danger, they took special measures. The girl was photographed addressing the students’ meeting. We must have some pictures made. They looked in surprise as though not believing her story. They have been talking for an hour. We’ll carry out experiments using new methods. An elderly woman, wearing an apron, stood at the door of the cottage. A list of commonly used terms suggested by him was circulated. Having done the job, he was dying to have a rest. Returning home at night, he found everybody in bed. She cried, trembling with fear. The boy standing at the corner is my classmate. The problem may be considered solved. They did all as instructed. His name was often mentioned in the conversation. They adopted the resolution calling to take actions.