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22. Critically assess the new tasks of modern embassies. 3

Interrelated tasks performed by modern embassies:

Outreach and promotion in the target country are more demanding and varied, covering not just the official actors in the capital, but also the sub-state entities, the business, the media, civil society, and all others active in international affairs.9

• Public diplomacy tasks deeply involve the embassy in image building and cultivation of the publics, in an integrated fashion. As one German envoy remarked during an interview: “Instructions from home are: be visible!”

• More countries than before give their envoy responsibility as the country team leader, to provide coherence; Thailand uses the term “CEO ambassador,” and has passed a law that gives a central role to the envoy vis-а-vis the other agencies.

• Improved communications integrate him and his team with headquarters, giving them a “virtual” presence at home.5

• Embassies accommodate personnel from more government departments than ever before (consequence of subject diversity and direct handling of issues by these departments). This enjoins on them a “whole government” outlook, plus an obligation to mediate with a range of home agencies.

• Similarly, they are in real time contact with a wider spectrum of non-state actors than counterparts at headquarters. This indirectly strengthens their home outreach role.

23. Give a definition of 'visit abroad'. Give the main reasons for visiting abroad. 1

Visits, incoming and outbound, are a major test of protocol. Those involving the heads of state and government are the most important, while some of the following also applies to visits by foreign ministers, the speaker of the parliament, and other ministers.

Broad classification of these is: state visits, official visits, and working or informal visits (which can include stopover visits, where a dignitary spends a few hours, in transit).

• Ceremonial is implicit in high visits, demanding precision and flair, the more so with full state visits.

• The key object of any visit is to improve and further develop relations between states. The convenience and preferences of the guest are the first consideration. Exceptions are made to standard protocol, as required.24

• It is customary to send advance parties to work out details for major visits, including the full program, logistics, security, and a myriad of detail that is involved. For the embassy, which gets immersed in the arrangements long in advance, an incoming visit becomes a test of its capabilities and takes precedence over all other work.

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