34. Identify the new issues in the international arena, and explain how they are shaping the international relations.

The injection of new issues in the international arena (such as democracy, human rights, universal standards of governance, public accountability) leads to the globalized relations. Commencing around the 1970s, economic diplomacy began to emerge as a major component of external relations, in some ways overshadowing political diplomacy; export promotion and foreign direct investment (FDI) mobilization became the priority activities of the diplomatic system. More recently we have seen the rise of culture, media and communications, education, science and technology and even consular work as some new priorities in diplomacy. Taken together, this third tranche is seen as a manifestation of soft power and as “public diplomacy”. Paradoxically, after the end of the Cold War, political diplomacy has also regained salience, becoming more open and complex. The techniques of relationship building and conflict resolution have also become more sophisticated and require measured but rapid responses. Overall, diplomacy has become multifaceted, pluri-directional, volatile, and int US PD has failed on one important count.

35. Explain the idea that the pd can not successfully sell the bad policy

US PD on War on terror is one of the examples of failed PD. Communication is a two-way process. If the United States wants to gain sympathy, it must also listen to its critics and consider policy changes of its own. Without this, the entire effort becomes one-sided propaganda. This was especially true of the George W. Bush administration (2000–08). High technology and large resources even became counterproductive. Under the Obama administration PD has been revamped; Web 2.0 is used extensively, and this hinges on interactive communication. In its own way the Al Jazeera network run out of Qatar has something to teach. Al Jazeera, started in 1997, operating initially out of a small broadcasting base that President Mubarak of Egypt described as a “matchbox,” has taken the Arab world by storm; it became a must-see network, offering something hitherto unknown in the Arab world, dominated by TV monopolies, that is, unbiased news, equally critical of all. Between 2001 and 2004, the US administration unsuccessfully applied pressure on Qatar to try to persuade it to tone down Al Jazeera’s criticism. The irony in seeking such censorship is obvious; it helped the network to gain greater prominence

36. Explain the meaning of 'diplomatic illness'. Protocol procedures may be deliberately put aside, to signal relationships that are close and exceptional; thus protocol becomes a vehicle for diplomatic signals. Some protocol gestures are ambiguous, so as to convey subtle messages, like “diplomatic illness,” when a leader may feign an illness to avoid a meeting

3 7. Compare the classic and globalized diplomacy.

38. Explain the idea that good advertising needs to be backed by a 'value proposition'.

Magnetic attraction: A straightforward way for a small state to actively engage the world community is to make itself “attractive and relevant” to the world, using the words of one scholar.11 This is implemented in different ways. Maldives, with a population of barely 400,000, inhabiting 200 low-lying islands and atolls, presents itself as an extraordinary, top-end holiday destination, with the slogan “The Sunny Side of Life”; tranquility is offered in that value proposition. Singapore takes advantage of its geographic crossroad location to become the regional base for many multinational companies and organizations, which indirectly helps it to overcome its sense of geopolitical vulnerability.13 Mauritius has taken the lead in a regional organization, to become the headquarters of the putative group IOC-ARC, linking the Indian Ocean rim countries; it is another matter that the group has not taken off. Costa Rica abolished its armed forces in 1949 and pays special attention to international cooperation, human rights, and environmental standards.

39. Explain the meaning of 'persona non grata'. 1

Literally meaning "an unwelcome person," refers to a foreign person whose entering or remaining in a particular country is prohibited by that country's government. It is the most serious form of censure which one country can apply to foreign diplomats, who are otherwise protected by diplomatic immunity from arrest and other normal kinds of prosecution.