53.The people, group and individual in the conceptions of democracy.

All conceptions of democracy can be divided into 3 groups. These groups are:

Individualistic (liberal theories)

Pluralistic (theories of groups)

Collectivistic (totalitarian theories)

Liberal theories. The idea of individual autonomy and its primacy concerning the people; they distinguish and individual from the society and state. They pay attention to the creation of the instructional and other guaranties for individual freedom, which prevent any suppuration of an individual by power.

Pluralistic conceptions. They develop the idea of taking an interest of the group, struggle for power and its realization. According to this conception neither an individual no the people are the main forces of politics in the democratic state. Only the group gives individuals an opportunity for the political expression and protection of his or her interests.

Collectivistic theories. The common features of this theory of democracy are as follows:

Negation(отрицание) of individual autonomy:

Primacy of people in the realization of power and making decisions:

The homogenate(однородность) of people according to their structures:

Absoluteness of the “majorities power” over the “minority”, including individual.

54. Realization of power. The conceptions of direct and representative democracy.

All conceptions in democracy can be divided into three groups. This division determines who has the priority in the realization of power individual social group and the people.

These groups are:

Individualistic (liberal)- people distinguish an individual from the society and state. They pay attention to the creation of the institutional and other guaranties, which prevent any suppression of an individual by power.

Pluralistic (series of groups)-they develop the idea of taking and interest of the group struggle for power and its realization.

Collectivistic (totalitarian theories)-negation of individual autonomy;

Primacy of the people in the realization of power and making decisions ;

The homogenidual people according to their structure

Absoluteness of their majority power over the minority, including individual.

The conceptions of direct democracy tells that :

Both the state power and the will of people must be under ethical;

Only two people must directly participate and making the most political decisions and realization of power

Representative bodies must be under the control of the citezens.

Representative democracy assumes the comprehension of democracy as the competent and representative administration to the people. ( Ancient Greece , ancient Novgorod)

55.Distinctive features of modern democracy. Parliamentarism.

The common features of democracy, as a modern constitutional order and regime of political system functioning, are as below:

- recognition of people as the source of the state power. The power of people implies that it forms the state power by elections and directly participates in its implementation (with the help of referenda, local authorities as well as through representative bodies);

- alternate electivity and replacement of central and local authorities with their accountability to the electorate;

- declaration and ensuring rights and freedoms of man and citizen. A specific meaning for the full-fledged functioning democratic political system ensures the rights of people of participating in management of state affairs – elective franchise, the right to form political parties and other types of associations, freedom of speech and opinions, information right, etc;

- decision-making by the majority and minority`s submission in implementing them;

- society`s democratic control of security ministries, used according to their intended purpose and within the law;

- domination of persuasive, coordinating and compromising methods, non-violence, non-compulsion, non-suppression;

- real implementation of principles of constitutional state including separation of powers principle.

Parliamentarism is the system of government which is founded on the division of power and primacy of the parliamentary power given by people. Parliamentarism includes different types of representation:

-territory;

-party;

-corporate;

- ethnic.