- •17. Social paradigm, social life and social-cultural characteristics of a political actor
- •18. The paradigms of conflict and consensus.
- •23)Al-farabi about illusive and false happiness
- •46. The three-world typology.
- •47. Western Polyarchies And their typical features.
- •48 Post-communist regims and their features.
- •49. The similar characteristics of East Asian regions.
- •50. Islamic regimes and the rise of Islam as a political force
- •51. The key features of a military regime
- •52. Democracy. Its concepts and meanings
- •53.The people, group and individual in the conceptions of democracy.
- •54. Realization of power. The conceptions of direct and representative democracy.
- •55.Distinctive features of modern democracy. Parliamentarism.
- •56. Developing democracies in post-communist countries
- •57. Democratic values in the West and East: problems and perspectives
- •58. Basic actors of political relations
- •59. Social Stratification
- •60. The main conceptions of the Political elite
- •63 Reasons of origin of the state and two global stages in its development.
- •64) The forms of government in the state.
- •67. The institution of referendum and its role in democratic state
- •68. The legal and social(welfare) states, civil society (Правовые и социальные государства,гражданского общества
- •71. The main roles, fulfilled by state
- •72. Political culture, its place and role in in modern society.
- •73. Subcultures and their influence on the development of political culture.
- •74. Traditions and customs as the language of culture .Their rple in politics
- •82) Varieties of nationalism in western political science
- •84. Foreign Policy in the Traditional Society (slavery, feudalism):
- •86. The Vienna congress and the “European Concert”
- •87. The Versailles-Washington System
- •88. Main conceptions of international relations
- •89. Globalization: its concepts, reasons, positive and negative sides
- •90 Билет
67. The institution of referendum and its role in democratic state
The institution of referendum assumes decision of those questions, which are the most important for society, by means of national voting, the results of which have the highest legal status and are obligators for execution by all states bodies
Appreciating the role and place of the referendum in a democratic system, it is impossible to exaggerate and especially absolute it. Referendum, the popular consultation and discussions, as opposed to the election, are not universal institutions of democracy. On the one hand, there are many countries with developed democratic systems in which the referendum is not held rarely (Netherlands, Belgium, Great Britain). In the US, referendums are never carried out at the federal level. On the other hand - a referendum held outside of freedom and openness, the real political and ideological pluralism can not serve as an indicator of the shape and the actual will of the people. In anti-democratic purposes referendums can used in authoritarian and totalitarian regimes, which took place in Nazi Germany. Speaking about the place and role of the referendum and other forms of expression of the people, we must also consider that not all the questions of public life are advisable to submit to referendum, because you cannot force the masses of voters to be competent in submitting solutions of complicated and specific issues.
68. The legal and social(welfare) states, civil society (Правовые и социальные государства,гражданского общества
A welfare state is a concept of government in which the state plays a key role in the protection of the economic and social well-being of its citizens. Its based on the principles of equality of opportunity, equitable distribution of wealth, and public responsibility for those unable to avail themselves of the minimal provisions for a good life.
State legal – groups of people which have acquired international recognition as an independent country and which have a population, common language and a defined and distinct territory.
Civil society- the aggregate of non-governmental organizations and institutions that manifest interests and will of citizens; individuals and organizations in a society which are independent of the government.
The question #69
Main threats to the modern state
The world today is haunted by all imaginable threats that may at any moment materialize with corresponding consequences. The variables (изменчивые) comprising (содержащий) the external (внешний) and internal (внутренний) threats index can nominally be arranged into 4 groups: threats to territorial integrity and political order, economic threats; threats to human security (socio-economic and socio-demographic threats); and environmental threats and threats of natural disasters.
The threats in the 1st group of index variables are closely related to the traditional (military) understanding of security. Accordingly, the list below contains external and internal threats to the security of a state:
threat of armed aggression;
territorial claims by foreign states;
threat of terrorism;
presence of illegal separatist or anti-government movements;
presence of legal secessionist movements.
#70 Rival theories of the state
There are a number of rival theories of the state: 1) pluralist; 2) Marxist; 3) the new right; 4) radical feminist
Pluralists – called that the state is a new body that between the competitive interests of society. The pluralist theory of the state has a very clear liberal lineage (происхождение). It stems (ствол, стебель переносное значение) from the belief that the state acts as an ‘umpire’ (судья, рефери) or ‘referee’ in society.
Marxist – argue that the state maintain the class system by either suppression subordinates classes or amplification class conflict. Marxists argue that the state cannot be understood separately from the economic structure of society. This view has usually been understood in terms of the classic formulation that the state is nothing but an instrument of class oppression: the state emerges out of, and in a sense reflects, the class system.
The new right – portrays the state as a self-serving monster that is intent on expansion and aggrandizement. The central feature of this view is that the state pursues interests that are separate from those of society (setting it apart from Marxism), and that those interests demand an unrelenting growth in the role or responsibilities of the state itself.
Radical feminists – point to patriarchal bias within the state that supports a system of male power. It is used in more general sense of ‘rule by men’ drawing attention to the totality of oppression and exploitation to which women are subject.